这几个月在家工作,某天突然听到后院有「橐橐」的响动,出门一看,竟然是一只啄木鸟作怪,已经在我的屋檐上啄出了好几个大洞!
啄木鸟为何会在房屋上啄洞?
啄木鸟在房屋上啄洞大多是因为以下四种情况:觅食、占地(求偶)、筑窝、囤粮。

- 觅食
有时,啄木鸟的到来是有用的警告:你的房屋可能有虫害。
康奈尔大学鸟类学实验室的文章介绍,如果啄木鸟是在觅食的话,它们啄的洞一般比较小、并且排列不规则。啄木鸟喜欢吃木匠蜂(carpenter bees)、切叶蜂(leafcutter bees),以及草袋虫的幼虫(grass bagworms),如果啄木鸟经常来你家房子,可能是在你家寻觅(或者已经找到了)食物,所以最好及时检查下你家是否有虫害情况,如果有的话尽快请专业人士来处理。解决了虫害问题之后,啄木鸟自然也就不来了。
- 占地(求偶)
如果啄木鸟在你家使劲啄洞,并且发出很大的敲击声,它们可能是在宣示领地,并以此吸引配偶。这种情况多发生在3-5月份。
- 筑窝
啄木鸟频繁来你家的另一个原因可能是它看上了你家这块风水宝地,要在这里筑巢。如果是这种情形,它们啄出来的洞通常又圆又大。
- 囤积食物
如果你居住在西部,你家有可能会碰上 Acorn Woodpecker 「橡树啄木鸟」。这种啄木鸟有一个恼人的操作,就是啄洞囤食。它可能会在你家房子上啄出几十个甚至数百个橡子大小的洞,然后在每个洞里放上一个新鲜的橡子。

图:© Brian Sullivan | Macaulay Library
如何驱逐啄木鸟?
所有种类的啄木鸟都受《候鸟条约法》(Migratory Bird Treaty Act;MBTA)保护。法案规定,任何人不得捕杀、骚扰、拥有、进口、出口、运输、出售、购买候鸟,啄木鸟就在名单上。所以,驱逐啄木鸟的前提是不能伤害它们,包括鸟蛋和幼鸟 -- 如果有幼鸟,你得等到他们长大、永久离开鸟巢后,才能驱赶它们的父母,通常是在仲夏前后,但可能会根据物种的不同而有所不同。
除虫
检查房屋是否有虫害情况。如果有的话,及时除虫。
补洞
把它们啄的洞都封上,重新刷上漆。屋檐等地方如果损坏严重,可以考虑整个替换为 PVC 材质,啄木鸟就不会再光顾啦。
装防护网
在房子损伤区域装上鸟网或者是钢丝网、塑料网等,可以有效抵挡大部分种类的啄木鸟。
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吓跑它们
- 啄木鸟不喜欢反光的东西,可以在屋子周围挂上一些闪亮的物品,比如锡纸、磁带条或反光带,等等。你家里有不用的废弃 CD 光碟之类,挂起来也有同样的效果,就是不大美观,我还听说有迷信的邻居可能会怀疑你作法下降头咒……
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- 在木椽上放猫头鹰或老鹰的模型,它们是啄木鸟的天敌。能转动脑袋的更佳。
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不管是反光物体、猫头鹰模型、风铃,还是发声装置,都无法100%保证能赶走你家的啄木鸟,因为每种鸟、甚至每只鸟都不一样,并且每家房子的地形条件、乃至气候等也千差万别。反光条等,在阳光充足时最有效;旋转器和风铃,则必须要经常有风,才能起作用。如果以上办法都赶不走你家的啄木鸟,应该联系当地政府的野生动物部门(wildlife department)、或 USFWS。只有在取得它们的许可之后,你才能采取更加激进、可能会伤害啄木鸟的措施,比如下套、拿枪打它们,等等。
推文转发
如果啄木鸟看上了你家房子,多半是因为觅食、占地(求偶)、筑窝、或屯粮。先检查是否有虫害,啄的洞应该补上,可以通过防护网、反光带、会动的猫头鹰模型、风铃、以及专门的发生装置来尝试驱赶;注意不能伤害它们,是违法的! Click To Tweet常见问题
啄木鸟在房屋上啄洞大多是因为以下四种情况之一:觅食、占地(求偶)、筑窝、囤粮。
啄木鸟受《候鸟条约法》保护,捕杀和伤害它们是违法的;只能使用不会造成伤害的方式来驱赶它们。
先检查是否有虫害。常见的驱赶的方式包括防护网、反光带、会动的猫头鹰模型、风铃、以及专门的发生装置,等等。
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