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确定福利计划(defined benefit plan),俗称养老金(pension),但其实还有一种叫现金余额计划(cash balance plans),是公司向员工提供的保障性退休福利。其发放基于固定公式,考虑到员工的薪水、年龄和在公司的任职年限。
如今,提供 pension 的公司越来越少,大多数采用另一种形式:确定贡献计划(defined contribution plan),最常见的就是 401(k)。不过,如果你是自雇人士,也可以给自己设置确定福利计划。
最常见的是传统和 Roth 401(k), 通常由大型雇主提供。较小的雇主可能更青睐于简易和安全港型,管理上更简单、成本更低。独立创业者也能为自己设立401(k)。
确定福利计划是 IRS 承认的退休计划,有资格享受税收递延的投资增长和对某些贡献的税收减免等福利。确定福利计划通常完全由雇主出资,但在少数情况下,员工也可能需要做出一些贡献。
确定福利计划的计算 确定福利计划提供的退休福利通常基于一种公式,考虑因素包括你在公司的工作年限、薪水和年龄。
比如说,一家公司可能提供年度支付,相当于你最后五年工作的平均工资的 1.5%,乘以你在公司工作的年数。如果这个年数为 20 年,那么你可能获得相当于你工资 30% 的年度福利。
值得注意的是,确定福利计划计算员工福利的方法并非唯一。公式可能基于员工在公司最后三年或最后五年的平均薪水,也可能基于他们整个职业生涯的平均薪水,或者提供固定的美元福利,比如每年为每个员工提供 800 美元。
雇主通常可以因向这些计划的贡献而获得税收减免,但他们也必须承担向受益人提供保证支付的责任,无论计划中的投资表现如何 —— 这是确定福利计划与 401(k) 的一个重要区别:401(k) 的未来支付完全依赖于投资表现,有一定风险。此外,大多数确定福利计划在一定限度内受到 PBGC(Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation; 养老金福利担保公司)提供的联邦保险保护。
确定福利计划的支付方式 退休时,你通常可以选择以一次性总额或年金(annuity)的形式领取退休金。年金的结构方式有多种:
单一生存者支付(single life payment) :你在世期间每月获得支付,到你去世为止。你去世后,配偶或子女等受益人将不能再领取。 带确定期限的单一生存者支付(single life with term certain)。你将每月获得支付、直到某个期限为止。若你在这个期限结束前去世,你的受益人可以继续领取,直至该期限结束。 50% 联合及幸存配偶支付(50% joint and survivor) :你去世后,若还有配偶在世,在他们余生中可每月领取你的 50%。 100% 联合及幸存配偶支付(100% joint and survivor) :你去世后,若还有配偶在世,在他们余生中可每月领取你同等(100%)的支付。 增加年金的更多规定通常意味着你将获得较低的每月支付。但如果你身体健康且预期寿命较长,选择年金支付通常会带来最大的收益。
如果你身体不健康且预期退休时间短暂,选择一次性总额支付可能是更好的选择。你也可以选择一次性总额支付,并将其用于投资或购买自己的年金。
确定福利计划的贡献上限 尽管员工通常对他们的福利几乎无法控制,但确定福利计划还是有年度限制的。在 2023 年,员工的年度福利不能超过其最高收入三个连续日历年的平均报酬的 100%、 或 265,000 美元,以较小者为准。2024 年,上限增加到 $275,000。
确定福利计划的两种类型 确定福利计划有两种主要类型:养老金和现金余额计划。
养老金 人们常将确定福利计划等同于养老金(Pension):从退休开始,根据公式计算的保障性每月福利,公式考虑了员工在公司的工作年限和收入。
为了获得养老金福利,员工通常需要在公司工作一定的时间。在积累满所需工作年限之前,员工有可能拿不到、或只能拿到较低的比例。比如说,在公司工作一年后,员工可能拿到 20% 的养老金。
401(k) 计划等贡献型的退休计划也可能有年限的要求(主要是针对其中的雇主贡献部分),这称为「vesting schedule」等待期。如果你在要求的年限前离职,你可能拿不到雇主贡献的那部分、或只能拿到一部分。
员工缴纳的钱都是自己的,公司 match 部分却未必:取决于 vesting schedule 及何时离职。
现金余额计划 现金余额计划(Cash Balance Plans)也是一种确定福利计划,它们在退休时或员工离开公司时提供一定的账户余额,而不是固定的每月福利。因此,许多人将它们视为传统养老金和 401(k) 之间的混合形式。
尽管雇主仍承担与管理退休基金相关的所有投资风险,但他们不保证无限期的福利支付。相反,你被保证获得高达一定现金余额。
现金余额计划通常根据两个因素来计算福利:工资积分和利息积分。通常情况下,员工的账户每年都会根据雇主的报酬(比如 3%)获得工资积分,同时还会根据账户中的金额获得利息积分(通常是固定或可变利率,与某个基准如 30 年期国债挂钩)。
每年,参与者都有一个年度账户余额,一旦达到归属状态,这个余额便成为他们的财产,当他们离开公司时便可以领取。他们通常可以选择以年金形式接收他们的余额,即随着时间推移进行定期支付,或选择作为一次性总额接收福利,然后将其转移到个人退休账户(IRA)或另一家公司的计划中。
SEP IRA 是为自雇人士和小企业主设计的一种传统个人退休账户,其中 SEP 是 "Simplified Employee Pension" 的缩写,即「简化员工养老金」。投入 SEP IRA 的资金可享受延税和减免:存钱时免税;这些投资在退休前的增值免税;退休后提取时再缴税。
确定福利计划与确定贡献计划 401(k) 等确定贡献计划是最近几十年来新兴的选择,而养老金等确定福利计划则是历史更悠久的传统选择。确定福利计划通常是雇主负担几乎全部的贡献,而确定贡献计划则通常是员工做出大部分的贡献,雇主责可能会匹配一小部分。
尽管确定福利计划通常保证一定的每月支付或根据你的工资和在公司的工作时间来决定的一次性总额支付,但确定贡献计划的支付并不保证,这取决于员工的贡献和投资的表现。确定福利计划提供了较大程度的回报保证;如果你自己管理退休资金,则有可能获得更高的收益。
目前,私营企业更多地采用 401(k) 等确定贡献计划;而政府部门更多地提供养老金等确定福利计划。
确定福利计划的优势 可靠的收入。在确定福利计划中,福利是有保证的,为员工提供了退休后的固定收入。 与市场表现无关。无论底层投资如何,员工的退休福利金额都是固定的。 配偶支持的潜力。配偶可能能在员工去世后继续领取保障性支付。 雇主的税收优惠。雇主通常可以因对确定福利计划的贡献而获得税收减免。 提高员工留任率。确定福利计划可以让员工为了等待达到归属状态和获得最多的退休福利而长期留在公司。 确定福利计划的劣势 缺少投资选择。员工对他们资金的投资没有发言权。 归属需要时间。如果公司要求员工工作五年才能归属,而员工在三年后离开,则他们赚取的所有资金都留在公司。 移动性不足。员工更换工作时,将资金从一个计划转移到另一个计划可能比较困难,尽管这在现金余额计划中可能更容易实现。这并不意味着你在退休时无法领取你累积的总体福利,你只需要管理多个收入来源。 无法提高福利。福利公式是固定的,所以员工无法提高他们的退休收入。然而,在确定贡献计划中,员工可以通过增加贡献或更积极地投资来提高回报。拥有确定福利计划的人也可以通过 IRA 来增加他们的退休储蓄。 维护成本高。因为它们提供的是无论市场条件如何都保证的支付,确定福利计划对雇主来说比确定贡献计划更加昂贵。 规划退休的其他选择 确定福利计划可能无法为某些员工提供足够高的退休支付。如果你的养老金不足以维持退休生活,你可以设定储蓄目标来弥补这一差额。比如说,即使你有养老金,你仍然可以设置 IRA 退休储蓄账户。
401(k)是个好东西,但雇主没有给我401(k)的选择怎么办呢?还好我还可以自己存IRA。
如果你没有资格获得养老金,但希望获得确定福利的保障,你可以使用自己的确定贡献计划 —— 比如 401(k) 或 403(b) —— 来购买年金,它在退休时提供稳定的收入支付流。然而,年金并不适合所有人,它们通常会收取较高的管理费用、合同也往往较复杂,如果你想购买年金,建议先咨询有资质的财务顾问。
年金 (annuity) 是投资者和保险公司之间的一种合约。投资者,也就是年金受益人,向保险承保人支付一次性总额或分期付款,以换取保证的收入支付,可以立即开始或延迟到将来。年金可以通过保险公司、银行、经纪公司和在线平台购买。
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