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每个手机用户都会有想要换到新无线网络的时候。也许是因为你需要省钱,正在寻找更实惠的选择,或者你搬家了,现在用的网络覆盖范围不如新地方好。换网络的原因有很多,当你开始做调查时,你可能会遇到一些不熟悉的术语,比如 QCI(QoS Class Identifiers)。如果你主要使用数据流量上网,这一点就相当重要了。简而言之:服务质量标识符,也称为 QCI 值,显示了 LTE 网络上流量的处理方式。这些值指定了在网络拥塞期间流量的优先级 。
如果您不想花时间阅读全文的话,下面是概括:
QCI 级别越低越好 —— 所以当你查看每个网络时,T-Mobile 的大多数套餐都属于最低的 QCI 级别(很好),而 Verizon 和 AT&T 则有些好、有些没那么好。简单来说,因此,如果你想要良好的速度,并且不介意与低付费用户处于同一水平,那么 T-Mobile 对所有用户都能提供可靠的互联网和数据,而 Verizon 和 AT&T 则会优先考虑高级用户;反过来说,如果你购买便宜的 MVNO 手机套餐,T-Mobile 的网络速度可能会更有保障,而 Verizon 和 AT&T 更可能会遇到降速、为高级客户让路。
下面的内容主要编译自 Really.com 上的这篇文章 。
什么是 「服务质量」,为什么它很重要? 我们每天都在手机上使用不同的 「服务」,我们用它来拨打语音电话、视频电话、发送短信、长时间浏览社交媒体、发电子邮件、玩游戏等等。由于无线网络带宽上不断有这么多工具在使用,因此需要一个监控系统来确定这些服务的优先级和进行管理,也就是服务质量。随着如此多的人依赖手机,覆盖每个人的带宽需求也在增加。
有些人的工作需要比其他人更高优先级的服务,例如:医院工作人员和紧急语音电话,还有一些人选择为更好的服务付费。通常,使用网络最高资费套餐的人将获得优质服务。而使用较低级别套餐的人可能会偶尔遇到速度较慢的情况。
随着客户数量每年快速增长,移动公司有两个选择:他们花费时间和金钱建设新的基础设施,以便他们的手机信号塔覆盖更广泛的受众和更多地区。或者,他们可以对服务质量进行分类,将那些需要更快、更稳定速度的人优先于那些不需要的人。
对于普通人来说,可以简单这么理解,在确定网络优先级时,高级用户 > 基本用户,而实时服务 > 非实时服务。
数据降级和网络拥塞 当你研究手机套餐时,尤其是 MVNO(移动虚拟网络运营商)的手机套餐时,你可能会遇到 「数据降级」(Deprioritization)和 「网络拥塞」(Network Congestion)这两个术语。它们是什么意思呢?
数据降级 :数据降级是为了给更高资费用户提供更快的速度,而暂时降低你的数据速度。当你所在地区有很多人也在使用与你相同的网络,或者出现网络拥塞时,就会发生这种情况。如果你注册了 MVNO,那么当你超过每月设置的限额、或在人流密集的活动中时(比如体育比赛、演唱会、大型活动现场),你的速度可能会降低、为其他高级用户让道。 网络拥塞 :当 「网络节点和链路因流量过载」 时,就会发生网络拥塞。导致网络拥塞的因素有很多,比如设备过多、不必要的流量、带宽占用等等。在这些高峰时段,你会受到数据降级的影响,但当拥塞情况好转时,你就可以像往常一样使用手机了。 很多 MVNO 所谓的「无限流量」套餐都有这个小花招:在 fine prints 小字里注明,每月前 xx GB 为高速数据,此后速度会下降,有些甚至会变成 3G/2G 数据,很可能没法用于正常的上网等活动,因此这类套餐,我们站的文章都只考虑其「高速数据」,不把他们视为真正的「无限流量」套餐。
需要了解的缩略词:QCI、LTE、GBR 等 QCI :QCI 代表质量类别标识符(Quality Class Identifier)。它是 LTE 和 5G 服务使用的框架,用于标记和区分互联网上使用的不同类型的流量:视频通话、语音通话、玩游戏等。它确保流量和服务被分配到正确的优先级。 LTE :一些智能手机用户会在手机屏幕顶部看到一个小小的 「LTE」 或 「5G」。LTE 代表长期演进(Long-Term Evolution),俗称 4G。 GBR :GBR 代表保证比特率(Guaranteed Bit Rate)。它是一个常用术语,用于描述可以以保证的速率通过网络传输的数据量。当你玩最新的 3A 视频游戏时,了解 GBR 很有用,这样可以确保流畅的游戏体验。即使在网络拥塞时,你也仍然 「保证」 有一定水平的比特率。 PD :PD 代表数据包延迟(Packet Delay)。它是 「数据包」 从源头到达目的地的所需时间。它以 ms(毫秒)为单位测量。这衡量了网络连接的可靠性,想想当你发送电子邮件时,如果它发送和传递得非常快,那就是数据包延迟的一个很好的衡量标准。而数据包错误丢失率是 「一段时间内发送的数据包数量减去接收的数据包数量」。 IMS :IMS 代表 IP 多媒体核心网络子系统(IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem)。它是用于提供多媒体通信的系统,如视频通话、语音通话和短信。它使我们能够与朋友、家人和企业进行通话和发短信。 QCI 的类型 5G 和 LTE 网络上有九个 QCI 值,但只有八个是可用的——(第九个被保留用于未来使用)。每个值代表 QoS 类指定的优先级。
QCI 值基于以下几个要求:
延迟(Latency) 丢包率(Packet Loss;数据包延迟预算和数据包错误丢失率) 可靠性(Reliability) 下表代表 LTE QCI,来自 Youtube 上的 Wireless Telecom :
具体来说,在 LTE 和 5G 网络中使用的 QCI 值:
QCI – 1 :此值用于「实时」服务,如通过 LTE 的语音通话。它具有低延迟,并在分配资源时拥有最高优先级。 QCI – 2 :此值用于视频通话服务。它也具有低延迟和低丢包率,但与 QCI 值 1 的语音通话相比,要求稍微宽松一些。 QCI – 3 :此值用于「实时」服务和应用,如工作中的视频会议、在线游戏等。具有中等延迟,丢包率与 QCI 值 2 相近。 QCI – 4 :此值用于「非实时」服务,如网页浏览、发送电邮等。需要良好的质量,延迟与 QCI 值 3 相似。 QCI – 5 :此值优先级很高,用于关键服务和应用,如紧急服务。 QCI – 6 :此值用于大文件传输和更新。延迟合理。 QCI – 7 :此值适用于流媒体服务等应用。具有中等丢包率和良好的延迟。 QCI – 8 :此值用于弹性流量,意味着数据会到达目的地,且在传输过程中不会丢失任何文件或相关信息。它适用于高数据传输容量。 需要注意的是,并非所有网络都会遵循这种确切的 QCI 值估计。这可能取决于网络的政策和自身的优先级。
无线网络的 QCI 级别 我们都知道 「三大」 运营商,它们是美国的三大主要网络:Verizon、AT&T 和 T-Mobile。根据 Reddit 用户和其他技术博客等提供的数据点,这些公司都有自己的 QCI 值:QCI 值 6 到 9 是为数据套餐保留;QCI 值 9 被认为是 「非优先」 的,而 6、7 和 8 被认为是 「优先」 的。
1、Verizon Verizon 仅对消费者套餐使用 QCI 级别 8 和 9,除非你是 Verizon Frontline 成员——这意味着你要么获得快速服务,要么获得慢速服务,没有中间地带。
QCI 级别 8 以下的套餐 :大多数后付费套餐属于此类别(5G Start 和 Welcome Unlimited 除外)。此外还有 Play More Unlimited、Do More Unlimited 和 Get More Unlimited,以及他们的 Xfinity Mobile 的 By The Gig 套餐、Unlimited Plus 套餐和 Unlimited Premium 套餐。 QCI 级别 9 以下的套餐 :5G Start、Welcome Unlimited,以及所有其他预付费移动套餐,包括预付费 MVNO。 2、AT&T AT&T 也主要使用 QCI 级别 8 和 9。然而,他们的 Unlimited Elite 套餐属于 QCI 级别 7。
QCI 级别 8 以下的套餐 :AT&T 下的大多数手机套餐都在 QCI 级别 8 以下,包括 Unlimited Extra、Prepaid Unlimited Plus 和 Prepaid Unlimited MAX。少数 MVNO 套餐,如 Cricket More (注 —— 他们的产品已经改版了)和 PureTalk ,也在 8 以下。 QCI 级别 9 以下的套餐 :Unlimited Prepaid 和 Unlimited Starter Postpaid 套餐,以及 Red Pocket Mobile 和 Boost Mobile 。你会发现 AT&T 的大多数 MVNO 都是 QCI 级别 9。 T-Mobile T-Mobile 对消费者套餐使用 QCI 级别 6、7、8 和 9。
QCI 级别 6 以下的套餐 :T-Mobile 下的几乎所有套餐都在 QCI 级别 6 以下,这意味着你的数据优先级高于 Verizon 和 AT&T 的套餐。Magenta Postpaid 套餐和他们的 Connect by T-Mobile Prepaid 套餐都在 6 级别以下。以及他们的 MVNO Google Fi 套餐。 QCI 级别 7 以下的套餐 :T-Mobile 的 Essentials 套餐在 7 级别以下。MVNO,如 Mint Mobile 、Tello 和 Metro by T-Mobile ,也属于此类别。 QCI 级别 8 以下的套餐 :没有手机套餐属于此类别,它用于家庭互联网产品。 QCI 级别 9 以下的套餐 :家庭互联网用户在每月超过 1.2TB 使用量后,以及手机数据和热点使用后,级别会下降。 无线 QCI 级别回顾 当你比较 Verizon、AT&T 和 T-Mobile 这三家无线服务以及它们各自的 MVNO 时,你会得到很多不同的数字,具体取决于你选择的套餐类型。一般的经验法则是,你支付的套餐越贵,你的优先级就越高。
QCI 级别越低越好 —— 所以当你查看每个网络时,T-Mobile 的大多数套餐都属于最低的 QCI 级别(很好),而 Verizon 和 AT&T 则有些好、有些没那么好。简单来说,因此,如果你想要良好的速度,并且不介意与低付费用户处于同一水平,那么 T-Mobile 对所有用户都能提供可靠的互联网和数据,而 Verizon 和 AT&T 则会优先考虑高级用户;反过来说,如果你购买便宜的 MVNO 手机套餐,T-Mobile 的网络速度可能会更有保障,而 Verizon 和 AT&T 更可能会遇到降速、为高级客户让路。
生于湖南,求学于北京,先后在广东、北京、DC 工作。一代移民,生活在美东小镇。
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