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2025 年川普上台以后,中断了削减了很多科研项目科研经费,包括 NIH,NSF,NOAA 等等机构内部的和对外发放的。 我在新未名律所(www.nwmlaw.com)工作之前曾经在 NIH 做博士后,到现在也和很多 NIH 的科学家保持着联系,所以对这方面的情况了解比较多,也比较关注。
如果你目前持有 J-1 访问学者签证 (包括用 J-1 做博后 ),因为科研经费等原因,面临实验室(大学,科研机构,工作单位)解雇或者工作变动,需要采取以下措施来确保在美国的合法身份 并避免违反移民法规 。参见我们新未名律所的文章:《被迫离职,会怎样影响美国移民身份?(2025 年) 》,《办美国身份的最高纲领和最低纲领(2025 年) 》。
1. J-1 身份终止后的宽限期 J-1 学者身份终止后,你通常有 30 天的宽限期 (Grace Period)。 这 30 天内,你可以 : 找到新的 J-1 项目 并完成 J-1 项目转移 (SEVIS Transfer)。 申请更改身份 (如 F-1、B1/B2 或 H-1B)。 离开美国 以保持合法记录。 如果在宽限期后仍未采取措施,身份过期,有可能会影响到未来的签证和绿卡申请。
2. J-1 终止后是否会触发「24-month bar」? J-1 访问学者(Research Scholar 或 Professor 类别)如果终止项目,会触发 24-month bar (两年冷却期),导致两年内不能再次申请新的 J-1 访问学者身份 。
这个 24-month bar 的规定,原文来自美国联邦法规,Code of Federal Regulations, 22 CFR §62.20(i)(2)
Repeat participation. Exchange participants who have entered the United States under the Exchange Visitor Program as a professor or research scholar, or who have acquired such status while in the United States, and who have completed his or her program are not eligible for participation as a professor or research scholar for a period of two years following the end date of such program participation as identified in SEVIS.
但是,如果 J-1 类别属于「Short-Term Scholar」(短期学者)并在 6 个月内结束项目,就可以避免 24-month bar 。
3. 解决方案:如何保持合法身份? 方案 1:在当前项目结束前,收到新的 J-1 项目 Offer(J-1 SEVIS Transfer) 适合人群 :希望继续留在美国从事学术研究。注意:《访问学者,J 签证持有人,不再需要 J1 豁免了 》。 如何操作 : 找到新的 J-1 Sponsor (比如另一个大学或研究机构)。 让新机构的 J-1 负责人员联系当前机构,完成 SEVIS 记录转移 。 无需离境,也无需申请新签证 ,可以直接继续新的 J-1 身份。 优点 : ✅ 无需离境,不影响 J-1 身份。 ✅ 只要在当前 J-1 项目结束前就收到新的 DS-2019 表,在 SEVIS 系统里面更新,那么,就不会触发 24-month bar。 ✅ 可以继续从事研究工作。 注意,上面是对于在 J-1 身份尚未结束的情况下收到新的 DS-2019 表然后延期的描述。如果 J-1 身份已经结束(Grace Period 也结束了),已经离开美国或者转为别的签证身份或者当前的签证身份已经过期了失效了,这个时候,再要申请转回 J-1 签证身份,那么,就可能要 subject to 24-month bar. 关于不到六个月的 Research Scholar 经历 ,在这方面,Code of Federal Regulations 没有明确规定。作者查了一下大学的具体规定,如果是作为 Research Scholar 用 J-1 签证身份工作过,然后项目主动或者被动结束,身份终止,并且没有在此前获得新的 DS-2019 表, 那么, regardless of duration (哪怕不到六个月时间),也有可能 subject to the 24-month bar. (如果是 short-term scholar,项目不到六个月时间就完成了,那么,就不会触发 24-month bar)。 See, for example, 南加州大学的相关网页 : All Exchange Visitors in the Research Scholar and Professor categories are subject to a 24-month bar on repeat participation regardless of the previous program’s duration. 耶鲁大学的网页 也有类似的说法,并且有清晰明确的图片,概况各种 12-month bar 和 24-month bar 的情况 方案 2:J-1 类别属于「短期学者」(Short-Term Scholar) 的情况 适合人群 :希望避免 24-month bar,并在 J-1 身份下做短期研究。 如何操作 : 找到一个能提供 J-1 Short-Term Scholar 的机构 (短期学者一般不超过 6 个月)。 取得 DS-2019 并更新 SEVIS 记录。 在 6 个月内结束项目 并离境。 优点 : ✅ 不会触发 24-month bar(只要在 6 个月内完成项目)。 ✅ 可以合法工作,继续研究。 ❗注意 :如果项目延续时间超过 6 个月,项目结束后,仍可能触发 24-month bar。 方案 3:更改身份为 F-1 学生签证 适合人群 :希望在美国继续学习,避免签证身份过期,非法滞留。参见我们新未名律所的相关文章 。 如何操作 : 申请美国学校的 F-1 项目 (比如硕士、博士或 ESL 英语课程)。 学校发放 I-20 ,并在 J-1 身份结束前提交 I-539 表申请身份转换 。 等待身份批准 (期间不能离境,否则需在美国使领馆办理新的 F-1 签证)。 优点 : ✅ 可以继续合法停留,并获得学生身份。 ✅ 未来可以申请 OPT 或继续升学。 ❗ 缺点 :身份转换需要一些时间审批,等待期间不能工作。 方案 4:申请 B2 旅游探亲签证延长停留 适合人群 :需要额外时间做后续安排,给自己一个缓冲期,有更多时间找工作。 如何操作 : 提交 I-539 申请身份变更 为 B2,需要提供合理解释(如在美国旅游,完成个人事项等)。我们新未名律所为很多申请人成功取得了 H-1B 和其他签证身份转 B-2 身份的批准。 B2 不允许工作或学习,仅适用于短期停留(但是在 B2 身份期间可以找工作)。 优点 : ✅ 可以合法停留更长时间(通常 6 个月)。 ❗ 缺点 :B2 身份不允许工作,六个月到期以后不一定能延期,还需要转为其他签证身份。 方案 5:办理 H-1B 或 O-1 工作签证 ,或者用 J-1 Specialist 身份为公司工作 适合人群 :有雇主愿意担保 H-1B 或 O-1(参见我们新未名律所的相关文章《H1B 抽签须知,以及 O1 等其他工作签证选项与 2025 年变动 》,每年 3 月是 H-1B 抽签窗口),或者(雇主公司)同意与机构合作,支持员工用 J-1 身份工作 如何操作 : H-1B(专业工作签证) :需要找到雇主,并申请 I-129 变更身份(可能受 H-1B 配额限制)。 O-1(杰出人才签证) :适用于学术或科研领域有成就者(如发表多篇论文、获得引用、有审稿经历)。 J-1(Specialist 或者 Research Scholar) :需要雇主同意与颁发 DS-2019 表的机构合作。 优点 : ✅ H-1B 可长期留美工作,O-1 不受配额限制。如果 H-1B 抽签没有抽到,又不符合 O-1 条件,还可以考虑用 J-1 签证为公司等雇主工作。 ❗ 缺点 :需要雇主支持。 总结 具体到个人情况,如果是博后,访学,J 签证持有人,因为经费削减,项目终止等原因,要失去当前的工作,要想继续(用 J1 身份或其他身份)在美国工作 ,可以
(1)在当前的 J-1 Program 结束前就找好下家 J-1 工作 ,收到新的 DS-2019 表,由下家雇主为你在 SEVIS 系统注册(J-1 Transfer)。
或者
(2)转为 J-1 Specialist (如前面里面提到的,如果有合适的雇主,我们新未名律所(www.nwmlaw.com)可以帮助联系提供 DS-2019 表的机构,然后,个人有机会用 J-1 Specialist 的身份在美国工作)
或者
(3)用 H1B,O1 等身份在美国工作 (用 J-1 身份为公司工作的情况见上面第(2)项)。参见《最近的 H-1B 和 O-1 签证批准案例和批准书(2025 年) 》,《本科学历工程师 H1B 未中签,O1 工作签证批准(2025 年) 》,《H1B 抽签须知,以及 O1 等其他工作签证选项与 2025 年变动 》。
或者
(4) 考虑转为 F1, B2 等签证身份 (同时继续考虑寻找在美国的工作机会,拿到工作 Offer 以后办允许工作的许可)。参见《我和同事们没有 H1B 工作签证,还是拿到了高薪工作和绿卡 》。
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