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NBC 报道 —— 语言学家们对亚裔美国人的语音模式发表了自己的看法,因为所谓的 「亚裔美国人口音」 引发了一场辩论。
亚裔美国人口音真的存在吗?没人能够准确描述它,或者达成一致的看法——但显然当你听到它时就会知道。亚裔美国人口音的存在在社交媒体上引发了争论,在 TikTok 上引发了讨论,也在 Reddit 上引发了不少讨论,其中有一个专门讨论那些据说有这种口音的名人 —— 黄阿丽(Ali Wong)、兰道尔·朴(Randall Park)和刘玉玲(Lucy Liu)。
23 岁的塞尔维亚裔美国语言学内容创作者亚当·阿列克西奇现居巴塞罗那,他制作了一段 TikTok 视频,许多用户正在从中得到启发,以示例来展示这种口音。阿列克西奇引用了一些研究,这些研究表明亚裔美国人说话时声调较高,或者说话时呼吸声较重,但他对这种口音是否涵盖了众多亚洲身份提出了质疑。
似乎所有人都同意,如果存在的话,亚裔美国人的口音很难定义。它不是一代移民的口音;相反,它是那些讲一口标准英语的人的言谈中带有一种味道,让你知道说话者是亚裔后裔。
「我真的听得出来!尽管我从两岁开始就在加利福尼亚长大,但我自己也有这种口音,」 现居弗吉尼亚州北部的政治学家霍华德·王在 X 上的私信中写道。他是在幼儿时从台湾移民来美国的,在加利福尼亚北部的台裔美国人聚居区长大。他说话的口音是标准的美式口音。现年早 30 多岁的他将其描述为 「细微的,像中西部口音一样。」
「有这种口音的人说话时倾向于更鼻音化,说英语时的语调更短更直接,而没有这种口音的人似乎在语调上更加抑扬顿挫,」 王补充道,并以 YouTuber Future Canoe 作为一个极端的例子。
历史学家卡洛斯·于在 X 上的一条推文中将其描述为 「许多——但不是所有——亚裔美国人之间共同的音色和发音方式,让我有点想起老式科幻迷说话的过分精确的方式,比如《辛普森一家》中的漫画书店老板。」
54 岁的于是菲律宾裔美国人,在威斯康星北部长大,现居纽约布鲁克林。他在 X 上通过私信接受了采访,他表示自己没有这种口音。相反,他说自己的口音 「像詹姆斯·厄尔·琼斯模仿《冰血暴》中的威廉·H·梅西一样。」
1992 年一项社会语言学研究,让本科生听录音讲座,屏幕上投影了一个白人女性或华裔美国女性的照片。学生们反馈,在他们以为教授是亚裔美国人时,他们觉得更难以听懂,但其实是同一个人在说话。
对于那些能听出来的人来说,他们能够在非亚裔中听出这种口音,比如 YouTube 名人 TextuallyCC。其他人将其类比为加拿大人的、加州北部的或南部的口音。
尽管有这些证词,语言学家们并不确信是否存在亚裔美国人口音。
「这是一个非常复杂的问题。我确实认为有些人说英语的方式可以让我们辨认出他们是某种亚裔美国人。我们是否可以称之为口音是另一个问题,」 夏威夷大学马诺阿分校的语言学助理教授安德鲁·郑告诉 NBC 新闻。「每个人都有口音,因为每个人都以某种方式说话,可以让人辨认出他们来自某个地方。」
但当谈论亚裔美国人时,涉及的地理、种族和语言范围很广。
「人们一直无法真正定义这是什么,」 郑说,他的研究重点是韩裔美国人。「人们一直在讨论这种口音是否在国家的某些地区更为普遍,比如加利福尼亚,那里有很高比例的亚裔美国人口,或者是特定的种族——有东亚人、南亚人和东南亚人。它可能是特指韩国人和中国人,而不是苗族美国人或日裔美国人吗?」
一个语音学的区别,尤其是对于韩裔美国人来说,是 「O」 的发音——一个音节与拉长的 「哦」,郑说。但这并不是一个严格的定义。
「我研究的是人们听到的声音背后的现象,他们将其识别为亚裔美国人或者社会学和社会语言学的内在机制如何影响人们的感知,」 郑补充道,但当猜测说话者是否是亚裔美国人时,「我的记录并不是最准确的。」
专家表示,语言不仅仅是由人们的父母或家庭决定的。当孩子们开始上托儿所或学校时,同龄人会更多地产生影响。人们还学习其他语言,或者旅行或居住在不同的州或国家,这些都会影响他们的说话方式。
「这就是为什么尽管我的父母在讲英语时有浓重的台湾或普通话口音,但我听起来并不像我的父母。当我说英语时,我听起来像是我和一起长大的人。碰巧我在旧金山湾区的人大多是亚裔美国人,」 郑说。「在洛杉矶韩国城长大的孩子们和其他韩裔美国人一起长大。所以他们说话的方式显然受到韩国的影响,但不是特别是他们父母的韩语,而是他们的同龄人所说的韩裔美国人英语。因此,他们听起来彼此之间略有不同。」
27 岁的社区组织者 Shekinah Deocares 是菲律宾人,「有点儿华裔」,在洛杉矶长大,她也同意这一观点。
「有 100 种亚裔美国口音。我有一个非常浓重的 San Fernando Valley 口音和美国口音,所以当我和我菲律宾社区的人交谈时,很多时候他们都不认为我是菲律宾人,」Deocares 说。「我的声音听起来不像菲律宾人。亚裔美国人的口音甚至不一定听起来像你的祖国语言。这是我们说话的一种特定方式。」
这位 27 岁的社区组织者表示,她对这场对话感到欢迎。
「能够给这种口音贴上标签,这是有力量的。部分原因是更多的人将能够剖析并研究并承认它,」Deocares 说。「如果有人说,‘噢,我从和你交谈中能够听出你是亚裔’,我并不会感到冒犯,但我也非常自豪我是亚洲人。这并不意味着没有人会感到冒犯。我相信有些人会,这是一个更深层次的对话。」
30 岁的作家阿塞拉·肯珀是其中之一。
「这种口音并不存在,这是另一种方式来贬低像我这样的亚裔美国人,因为我们是美国人。我是一半韩国人一半中国人,」 她在 X 上的私信中说。
加州大学欧文分校国际写作和翻译中心主任,以及全球语言与文化项目主任李成龙认为口音更多地是被感知而不是真实存在的。
李引用了一项具有里程碑意义的 1992 年社会语言学研究,该研究中,本科生听录音讲座,屏幕上投影了一个白人女性或华裔美国女性的照片。学生们反馈,在他们以为教授是亚裔美国人时,他们觉得更难以听懂,但其实是同一个人在说话。
「这在实证上证明了听者心中对口音的想象可能性,」 李说。
然而,过去十年来在美国推广的亚洲和美国文化降低了关于亚洲语音模式的社会污名,李说。
「从积极的一面来看,如果有亚裔美国人的口音,我认为它不会像我成长时那样被病态化,因为有了像 K-pop 这样的事物。如果有亚裔美国人的口音,这并不是一件坏事。它只是一种事实。」
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