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本文作者是西雅图的读者 Grace,经其授权发表,主要是她和先生在美国多年了解枪文化、自己买枪和用枪的经历。我略微做了一些改动,并添加了几条注释,全文如下。
《
我在美国买枪了 》
###
我所在城市西雅图的北部郊区 Lynnwood,出现了一个自称菲尼克斯·琼斯(Phoenix Jones )的团体 –「凤凰侠」,成员们都是这样的「行动派」:白天他们和普通居民一样有正常的工作,而夜间他们选择穿上特制战衣,荷枪实弹地出现在城市的大街小巷中巡逻守卫,打击犯罪,成为除暴安民的英雄!注:这是 2011 年前后。
受 Jones 的影响,现在有更多的人加入到「夜行侠」的队伍,他们认为「我不可能改变整个城市,我只能确保一小部分区域的安全。但只要这对一两个人有用,就是一种胜利。」由于美国的经济危机,个别州因为经费问题而裁减警力,同时有些州的监狱也由于经费不足,有些罪犯被提前释放,这些原因都促成了社会的不安定因素,所以某些州的政府号召市民:自我武装起来!
随着对美国生活的了解,我的观念也开始转变,「保护家园」不再是象在中国一样,是政府的职责、警察的工作,而是每个人必须从自我武装做起。在美国「枪文化」的熏陶下,我正努力把自己培养成为了一名「卫士」。
作者在靶场 美国的枪文化 Gun Culture 「美国是一个移民国家,那些选择下赌注,到一个遥远的地方碰运气的人充满能量,愿意冒险!」约翰·霍普金斯大学心理学家约翰·加特纳说。
早期的美国是一片广袤的荒芜之地。那时的移民,内心怀着对自由的崇尚向往,来到了这片原始的土地。他们血液里流淌着的勇敢、挑战、冒险的特性,也成了美国「枪文化」孕育的土壤和根基之一。美国早期,尤其是南部和西部,因为当时的特殊生存环境,武器成为每个人安身立命的工具。出于狩猎的需要,「一枪在手」已成为当时家庭赖以生存的必须工具。
当时没有常备政府军队,各州都依靠民兵进行自我防卫,州政府也逐渐介入到武器管理中,部分州政府甚至会对没有武器的居民进行处罚。正是民兵在莱克星敦打响了第一枪,从而为独立战争正式拉开序幕。随着独立战争的打响,民兵的影响力进一步扩大,这些拥有武器的平民和英国军队作战 8 年,并成功赢得独立战争。
建国后,当 1789 年美国宪法的「权利法案」由国会议员提出时,「持有和携带武器」的权利自然而然写入其中,1791 年 12 月 15 日,美国宪法第二修正案批准生效。内容如下:
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. (一支训练有素的民兵,对一个自由国家的安全实为必要,民众拥有并且佩带枪支的权利不容侵犯。)
美国宪法第二修正案 美国第三任总统托马斯·杰斐逊在撰写《独立宣言》时曾明确指出:「任何形式的政府一旦起破坏作用,人民便有权利加以改变或废除」,他表示「当政府旨在把人民置于绝对专制统治之下时,那么,人民就有权利、也有义务推翻这个政府,并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障。」正是因为杰斐逊提倡公民有反对暴政的权利,这一权利也成为人民持有武器的最根本的理由和依据,并一直延续至今天。 从此,美国民众合法拥有武器便有了法律的保证。
与此同时,在美国枪文化的历史上,「拥枪派」和「禁枪派」的战斗迄今为止也从未消停过,禁枪派认为枪械泛滥,让民众的安全受到了威胁;而拥枪派认为「枪不杀人,人杀人!人人有武装对抗暴力的权利!」枪支争论的背后还涉及庞大的经济利益。美国的军火商人,出于利益的驱使,成为拥枪派最大的支持者,这也是美国禁枪的道路曲折而漫长的重要原因。
民众有很多对枪支的态度,有许多带有明显的情绪化色彩。当犯罪率上升、出现严重的枪杀案件时,他们反应会相当强烈,要求政府采取措施;可一旦时过境迁,对于枪支问题的关注度就会下降。并会觉得有枪在手, 拥有武装也是保家护院的有力保证。
美国的枪展 Gun Show 我与枪的渊源可追溯到 2001 年。当时,我先生由于工作原因去了 Houston — 众所皆知民风彪悍的德州,我也于 2002 年初前往。一次偶然的机会,开车路遇了 Houston 的 Gun Show(枪展),在好奇心的驱使下,我们改变了原来的行程,去领略了枪支弹药的千姿百态,万种风情。
枪展很大,仔细看要花时间,所以入场时,会在你的手背上盖上个章,你可以外出吃饭休息后,凭手背的章再度入场,一天让你看个够!一进入馆内,我就被震撼得目瞪口呆!当时的感觉仿佛是进入了美国特种兵的弹药库 — 上百个摊位,各式齐全的武器装备;又象进入菜场,背着刚买的枪械弹药的人们,就象买青菜萝卜那样挑选着。
当我发现连地雷都有时,就问摊主:请问这买了用在哪里?摊主答:你家在德州有农场吗?没有?然后他诡秘地玩笑说:那你就埋在你家院子里吧!熊和野猪都伤不到你了哈!当年的枪展,只要你有绿卡,是可以一手交钱一手交货的,所以 Gun Show 的买枪政策,也一直是禁枪派的攻击目标。
随后因为我先生工作的原因,我们去了德国。而 Houston 每月定期的枪展 Gun Show 通知的 email,也成了我和美国唯一的联系。2010 年夏,当我们再次回到了美国,去西雅图的 Gun Show,发现还是有些变化,911 以后,现场买枪政策的背景调查比原来更严谨了。这可能也是禁枪派多年的努力的结果吧,强化枪械的管理,也是美国社会不容忽视的重大课题。
枪展 枪展 美国的枪店 Gun Shop 由于公民持枪合法,所以枪支的买卖真可谓是生意兴旺。美国有 2 万多家枪店,离我家不远开车 5 分钟就有家 Gun Shop。
通常的枪店,门是关着的,按了门铃,里面的工作人员才会给你开门,枪店的报警系统都直通警察局,一旦有抢劫发生,警察很快就会赶到。我第一次在美国看到国内家家户户都有的保安门,就是在枪店和射击俱乐部,由此可见,国内的家庭防护的级别规格之高哈!
室内靶场(枪店)大门 走入枪店内,没有站岗的警察,接待我们的是一个腰间别着枪的越南小伙 Kay,所以这种「自己保家护院」独立精神的文化在枪店就得以充分的体现,通常枪店的工作人员不仅身手不凡,而且熟悉店内所有枪械武器,谁要在这里叫板,那简直就是「虎口拔牙」了。
枪店里品种齐全,明码标价,一般的枪支 300 美金到 600 美金不等,二手的枪支就还要便宜。只要是我们感兴趣的枪支,kay 都会一一拿出来给我们介绍展示。在我们看枪的同时,也不时有别的顾客进来店里,个个都神色安然,就象是来买日常生活用品。
由于我们是那里的常客,一来二去,也和 Kay 成了朋友。每次去,Kay 都会介绍一些刚到的新品种帮我们挑选。很多枪店都是连锁店,枪店和射击俱乐部一体化,Kay 就向我们推荐了他们枪店下属的 Shooting Club,于是我们就去上了那边的课程,并双双加入,成了射击俱乐部的会员。周末没事时就去俱乐部打枪,也开始了我们对枪从一无所知到一枪在手 — 拥有了自己的枪的「战士成长」过程。
枪店内部 枪店内部 枪店内部 枪店内部 遗憾的是,当我们上周再次去店里时,得知 Kay 已经不在那里工作了,去了阿富汗的战场,上帝保佑他吧!
美国射击俱乐部 Shooting Club 很多美国城市都有射击俱乐部和靶场。其中部分场所出租枪支,而部分只提供子弹出售,不提供武器出租,只能带自己的枪支去练习。下面我将分别对这两种做一个介绍。
我们加入 Kay 介绍的俱乐部的时候,还没有买枪,所以在可以租到枪的俱乐部里练习,对一个新手来说,无疑是受益匪浅。通过租枪,你可以尝试不同种类的枪支了解性能,直到你找到一把适合自己的后再买,在这里可以迈出你成为「战士」的第一步 — 初步体验和寻枪的过程。后来在办理武器拥有许可证 Firearms License 的时候,才知道如果你有俱乐部的会员证,就不需要再办理打猎证了。注:请查询所在州法律规定。
这个射击俱乐部是一个会员制的,只对会员 Members 开放,所有射击手必须是年龄 18 岁以上,俱乐部会员卡级别分:基本卡/银卡/金卡。我们的是基本卡, 交了年费成为会员后,$15 租 3 把/小时+$15 场地费/小时+租防护眼镜及耳套 $5(自备免租,但是必须佩带)= $35/小时+买子弹费用 (如果是俱乐部的租用枪支,为了安全起见,必须在俱乐部买他们的子弹,根据口径, 价格不同)。
当然会员如果是合法自带枪者,就可以自己带子弹,价格也自然比在他们这里买便宜。一般 Walmart 买子弹比较便宜,.22LR 子弹的价格,550 发子弹税前价格 18.97 美金,9mm 标准子弹价格为 50 发子弹税前价格 10.47 美金。人们在超市买子弹也就象买牛奶面包一样,习以为常。
通过在这里的练习,也让我们对枪有了基本的认知和了解,拥有一把自己的枪,几乎是每个男人的梦想,于是我先生就打着「保卫我」的旗号,开始了解如何在美国办理持枪证,迈出了「战士」成长的第二步 — 买枪。
靶场射击 靶场射击 射击者清扫弹壳 在美国办理合法武器拥有许可证 Firearms License 美国对枪支的法律,除了联邦法以外,每个州还有自己州法。执行时每个州都有不同。以我所在的华盛顿州为例:如果你是 21 岁以上的成年人,无精神病史,没有犯罪前科及不良暴力事件发生,没有酒后驾驶、被军队开除或毒品等不良记录,可以去居住县的司法官办公室 Sheriff’s Office 申请武器拥有许可证 Firearms License。
所需准备的文件:
有效证件及能证明你是本州居民的相关资料(在本地居住 3 个月以上)。 填写申请表。 外国人必须有打猎证 Hunting License(体育用品店就能办理)或射击俱乐部会员证。 打印指模留给 FBI。 申请费用 :85.25 美金。 Derek Yang 注:根据 WA 现在的法律,只有 Non-immigrant Aliens 买枪才需要 License,即 Alien Firearms License ;美国公民和绿卡在 WA 买枪不需要 License。另外,18 岁即可买长枪,但是除个别例外 ,21 岁才可以买手枪。长枪体积大,容易识别;手枪体积小,容易藏匿,通常认为因此更危险,在大部分州的管理也更严格。
通常资格审查需要 60 天。二个月左右,我们终于收到了合法持枪证,去枪店付款后,又需要再等待 5 个工作日,对购买枪支者做背景检查,我们州只需要 5 天,而东部有些州需要 15 天,这就是各州法律的区别了,5 天后,当我们终于有了人生中的第一把枪 Ruger P95 9mm 手枪,内心充满了喜悦。
Ruger 枪盒 里面是两个弹夹(各装 15 发子弹),一把锁,平时可以锁住,以防家中小孩。
左边上方是装子弹时的 Loader — 压弹工具,这样装子弹时更省力一点。
Ruger P95 Ruger P95 Federal 子弹 枪套 Ruger 的 P 系列,具有 25 年历史的良好质量记录,基本属于传统经典款,终生保修。选择这款还有个原因是它的手动保险是左右两边的,我这样的左撇子也能适合用。此款枪的参数性能与目前国内的港军配置的 92 式手枪基本相似。参数如下:
Caliber : 9mm Luger Barrel Finish : Stainless Grip Frame : Black Polymer Sights : Fixed 3-dot Length : 7.25′ Width : 1.20′ Height : 5.75′ Barrel Length : 3.90′ 当我们收到枪时,打开枪盒,看到一张「National Rifle Associantion of America (美国步枪协会)邀请 Gun Owner 加入俱乐部的邀请函:基本的内容是邀请 Gun Owner(枪支拥有者)加入他们的组织,以便有更大的力量与禁枪的组织抗衡—维护公民 24 小时拥有枪支的权利。其中有句话意义深远:「Freedom Through Strength」– 自由源于力量。
在美国网购枪支和办理隐匿持枪证 Concealed Pistol License 但是千万不要以为这样你就可以带着上膛的枪支到处行走了,如果你要随身配上子弹上膛的枪支,还要再申请办理隐匿持枪证 Concealed Pistol License,费用为 55.25 美金,审查时间为 30 天左右。
等到这两个证件都办好后,除去法律规定不得持枪入内的区域外,你就可以每天持枪外出,如上下班,甚至上超市买菜了哈。但是请注意必须是隐藏携带哦。如果你没有隐匿持枪证的话带枪外出,每个州的法律基本上都要枪支空膛上锁并和弹药分开放在汽车后备箱或直接拿不到的地方。
Derek Yang:这个地方不准确。隐藏携带(Concealed Carry)一般认为更危险 ,因为谁也不知道你携带了枪支,目前大部分州要求 获得专门的许可(通常叫 Concealed Carry Permit; CCP)。公开携带(Open Carry)对于大众来说反而要安全一些,因为大家都能看到你带枪,要么早有防范和警觉,要么干脆离你远点。Open Carry 在大多数州合法,甚至不需要 permit。根据 The Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence 的统计 ,目前全美:
3 个州(加州、弗罗里达、伊利诺伊州)和华盛顿特区禁止 Open Carry。 2 个州(纽约、南卡罗来纳)禁止 Open Carry 手枪,长枪则没问题。 3 个州(麻省、明尼苏达、新泽西)禁止 Open Carry 长枪,手枪则可以。 其他各州允许 Open Carry 长枪和手枪,有些州需要 permit,有些州不需要。 华盛顿州没有限制 Open Carry,不需要许可。如有 Concealed Permit,既可隐藏携带,也可公开携带。 不管是 Open Carry 还是 Concealed Carry,都不代表什么地方都可以带枪去逛。一般来说,政府大楼、军事设施、学校、售卖酒精的地方、公共交通工具(公交车、地铁、飞机、轮渡)上、以及很多商家的营业场所都禁止 Private Citizen 带枪。 下面是两种携带方式的区别。
Concealed Carry:掀开衣服才能看到枪支 Open Carry:没有遮挡
目前全美 50 州都在不同程度上允许 Concealed Carrry。如果你是网上购买的枪械武器,不能寄给你本人,必须发运到你所在州有枪支营业执照的地方如枪店,然后就如同在枪店购买一样地完成交易,只是购买费用除了网上标价外,还需要一笔几十元的转让费或邮寄到枪店的寄费。 而全自动武器,短枪管长枪(有枪托),爆炸物购买,消音器,还有一些大规模杀伤性武器,要么不允许私人购买,要么有非常严格的审查。
枪店内部 步枪打靶 美国靶场 Shooting Range 有了自己的枪,就可以去只允许自带枪支不出租武器的靶场一展身手了。这个靶场离我家开车 15 分钟路程,周一到周五是警察的训练时间,不对公众开放,市民只能周末去。交年费成为它的俱乐部成员之后,每个周末可以无限制在这里练枪;另外也可以每次单独缴费:一次射击手 11 美金,可以从下午 12:00 练习到 5:00pm,自带枪支弹药。这里的户外步枪训练道是 50 码、100 码、300 码距离。手枪是 25 码、50 码距离。另外还有户外射箭和双筒猎枪训练道。
这里每周都举行射击比赛,参赛射手职业不限,如果警察和平民百姓来场 pk,谁高谁低,可能真会高低难分哈!由于练习的时间比较充分,所以大家一边练枪一边交流,气氛非常好。
靶场枪道 靶场枪道 我们在靶场认识了原来在美国步枪协会 NRA 任教官的 Sam。热心的 Sam 试用了我们的枪后,拿来了他爸爸的收藏品 — 一把价值 2500 美金.45 的 Colt,让我先生试用,我这才注意到其他射手的枪盒里,一般里面都是装有 3 把枪以上。
Sam 的装备很全很高级,他给我们的 Ruger P95 枪装上他带来的镭射瞄准镜,让我们再试试,并教了我们 25 码目标和 15 码目标在瞄准时的不同注意事项,指出了我们发射时存在的呼吸节奏的问题,让我们觉得受益良多。后来知道他爸爸也是枪械爱好者,经过两代枪械爱好者的收藏,他家的宝贝自然可想而知。下午 4 点半,Sam 说他去步枪场地了,我们问是否可以同往观摩,Sam 高兴的回答:Sure!
前 NRA 教官 Sam 枪盒 等 Sam 去前台取了他存放的步枪后,我们又来到了步枪的练习场地,也再一次领略了他的「战场风采」。临走时,Sam 又对我们进行了一些指导交流,并约了下次一起来这里练枪的时间,因为枪,而结交了一些枪友,也成为我们生活中的一大乐事!
长距离打靶 步枪 户外打猎证 Hunting License 当然,在美国拥有枪支除了自卫,打猎也是很多户外爱好者的一项运动。打猎证相对来说就比较简单,象美国的户外运动品商店 Big 5、或者大型的超市 Walmart 等都能办理,并且这些店都有猎枪 Shotgun 和步枪 Rifle 出售。
美国每个州都有本州法律允许的打猎区域,通常是在国家森林猎场。当你办理 Hunting License 后,会给你一本手册,上面会列出种种打猎的注意事项和区域,包括可以打的动物类型甚至允许的动物尺寸大小。而这也是我不敢去尝试的项目,我这种「战士」的胆量和心理素质都太弱,真的在森林里遇到野猪或者熊狼之类,我怕我会吓得丢枪落荒而逃,我还怕在森林里被其他猎手当成小动物误打了。
看来要成为一个合格的「战士」,还有很长的路要走,不仅要练习技能,还要练习胆量!,要说道在美国生活的女人和中国有什么不同,那就是除了上得了厅堂,下得了厨房外,还要上得了战场!枪炮和玫瑰并存哈!不知道若干年后西雅图的「凤凰侠」中是否会多出一个「木兰女侠」?说不定哦!谁说女儿不如男哈!
左手打靶 西雅图北部郊区 Lynnwood 的「凤凰侠」们,还在行动着,在为他们的正义和勇气喝彩的同时,我也为美国枪支泛滥造成的这种以暴制暴的局面而深感无奈,美国每年有三万多人死于枪下。我深信暴力是没有出路的,而人类走向和谐和平才是人类的终极目标。
生于湖南,求学于北京,先后在广东、北京、DC 工作。一代移民,生活在美东小镇。
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中国女人还是别玩枪了,和开车一样骨子里就没有这类细胞,搞不好就是害人害己
国籍 + 性别歧视,已拉黑。
看了文章写的很不错。看了评论感觉介位 Kenny 是个杠精。
我想知道把枪(无论是长枪还是手枪)放到包里携带的过程,比如去维修,或者去打靶,这算作是 open carry 还是 conceal carry,还是都不属于,不算做 carry。
我的理解,在公共场所、把枪放在包里随身携带应该属于 concealed carry。
最简单的鉴别就是别人看的到的叫 open carry,别人看不到的全都是 concealed carry