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本文由 Joe Cheng 投稿。作者介绍:心理学助理教授,现居爱荷华,爱旅游爱游戏。
在美国获得博士学位后,一大出路就是找大学的职位,包括教职(faculty)和博士后。我在过去两年经历了两轮申请,参加了超过 20 个电话、视频面试和 5 个校园面试;拿到满意的 offer 才谢绝了此后的面试。
我的经历 我申请过的职位包括博士后、临时性的教职(Visiting Assistant Professor),以及 tenure-track 的助理教授。我毕业后从临时性的教职到助理教授,求职过程中一路摸索,也积累了不少经验可以分享给大家。
《
美国大学的教职体系和教授职责 》
我面试的学校涵盖以科研为主的学校(R1/R2)和以教学为主的学校(包括私立文理学院)。每个学校对职位和应聘者的要求都不尽相同,但是仍有一些普适性经验可以供大家参考。我会撰写系列文章介绍(1)申请材料;(2)电话面试;(3)校园面试;(4)拿到 offer 后的工作。
在开始具体的内容前,推荐一本书:The Professor Is In: The Essential Guide To Turning Your Ph.D. Into a Job,该书把如何申请教职解析得很透彻,我从此书获益良多。该书作者目前还提供帮助申请教职的服务,但是业内褒贬不一;我没有用过,因此无法评论。
总的来说,申请是一项极其浩大的工程,并且有非常多不可控的因素,例如博士就读学校、导师的地位、已发表文章的数量、推荐信的具体内容,以及招聘学校的教授各自心里的小算盘。我曾知道一个申请者被一所 R2 级别的学校拒掉,但却拿到了一所排名前 20 学校的 offer。
因此 search committee 以及系里有投票权的教授心里如何想,you never know。就自己的亲身经历,以及不止一次听说,决定给哪个候选人 offer 的 department meeting 往往斗争最为激烈。面对不可控的因素,申请者只有把申请材料尽量做好,把面试准备充分。本文讲述申请材料,面试经验将于下一篇文章中阐述。
虽然每个职位对申请者资质的要求都不尽相同,但大部分职位所要求的申请材料相差不大。当然,针对不同的学校和不同的职位,所有的材料都需要进行调整。这些材料基本包括:
CV(学术简历) Cover Letter Research Statement Teaching Statement Teaching Evaluation 推荐信 其它(Faith Statement,H1B) CV(学术简历) 如果要问哪份材料最为重要,很多人、包括我都会说是 CV。
目前教职市场僧多粥少,一个助理教授的职位常吸引 100-300 名申请者。我曾就读于一所 R2 学校,当时招聘一个学科具体分支的助理教授,来了 130 多申请者。我目前的职位在「美国大农村」,招聘时也吸引了近 100 名申请者。
可以想象,招聘委员会的工作量巨大(尤其是考虑到这些教授还有教学和科研的任务)。因此,要指望这些教授研读每一份申请材料显然不切实际,而快速筛选候选人的方法就是阅读简历。
之前提过,教授最主要任务是科研和教学 。那么,对申请者的考核,至少在筛选 short-list 或者电话面试名单阶段,主要是围绕这两块进行的。而这些信息都可以在简历上找到。
假如一个职位对教学的要求比较多,那么招聘委员会可以通过简历查看申请者是否有教授相关课程的经历。如果一个职位对科研要求比较多,可以通过简历查询发表文章、科研基金和获奖情况。
此外,简历还能反映出申请者博士就读的学校和导师的信息。就我个人体会,这些信息也许不如发表多少篇文章来得「实在」,但是在申请科研为主的学校时影响不小。例如,一个 R1 学校助理教授的职位,获聘者未必是发表文章最多或影响因子最高的,甚至可能没有发表文章的经历,但通常来自于「名门」。
简历的格式并没有死板的规定,针对不同的学校可以进行调整。
申请以教学为主的学校,建议把教课经历放在科研经历前。如果教课评价较好,可以在简历上直接标注(例如,Clinical Psychology, Average Teaching Evaluation = 4.5/5)。如果教过大课,比如超过 100 人的课程,可以标注学生人数,显示自己带班的能力。 申请以科研为主的职位,建议把获奖文章(如果有的话)和基金放在靠前位置。已发表、已接受的文章,自然应该列在简历上;尚未发表的呢?就我参加招聘委员会的经历,以及与其他教授的交流,建议把这些文章都写在简历上,但是要和已发表文章区分开。例如,可增加一个 section 叫 Manuscript in Progress,对这个 section 的文章标注 In Writing, Under Review, Invited Resubmission, In Revision 等状态。 我见过有申请者因为文章数较少,把尚未发表的与已发表的文章混在一起。参与招聘的教授们在学术界跌打滚爬多年,对文章的状态洞若观火,这样的小伎俩自然瞒不过他们的火眼金睛,相反可能引起他们的不快。
简历上还可以呈现其它信息:参加的学术会议;审稿;熟悉的软件和语言;参加过何种委员会;推荐人信息等。
Cover Letter 就是申请信,通常来说是对简历中科研教学情况更详细的描述,比如科研和教学计划。此外,申请信还需要提到为什么要申请这个职位,以及自己可以给系和学校带来的贡献。
可以写的贡献有:
开辟一个新的科研领域,增加 research diversity。 与现有的教授合作,共同推动某一领域的研究。 自己的某项技能(比如编程或者统计)能够给别的教授提供支持。 能够 cover 一部分现有的课程。 能够开设新的课程,增加 teaching diversity。 能够指导本科生和研究生。 对学校所在的社区做出贡献(例如研究着重于 diversity 和 inequality,申请落后地区学校可加分)。 当然,在讲述贡献的时候需要提到自己的相关经历,不然难以让人信服。例如申请者曾发表过关于 R 统计软件的文章,那么可以说自己能够给系里提供技术支持,也可以开设关于 R 的课程。
大部分学校不规定申请信的长度,但就我的见闻,2-3 页单倍行距为多。可用小标题分开不同的内容,如 Teaching Experience, Research Experience, Plan 等。此外,我相信很多人申请不同职位用的都是同样的模板,只不过替换了校名等信息。诚然,申请很多学校,工作量巨大,针对每所学校写一封特定的申请信也许不切实际。但是,对于不同类别的学校,还是应该有不同的模板。比如申请 R1 的职位,没必要对教学大谈特谈。
Research Statement 这是比 cover letter 更为详细的科研说明。Research statement 需要体现申请者的科研能力和未来科研计划。我所采用的策略,是将自己发表的每篇文章用数百字描述一遍,强调该研究的主要发现和意义,并在最后比较详细的讲述自己的科研计划(类似于 mini proposal)。
我的这种策略得到过一位斯坦福毕业教授的首肯。但是,也有别的教授指出应该根据不同的研究内容分类讲述。举例:有几篇文章是关于 clinical psychology,应该把它们合并,谈自己对这一领域的贡献;而其它几篇文章是 social psychology,也应该合并阐述。这样做的好处是显得申请者的研究比较系统,而不是「东打一枪,西打一枪」。
这个问题见仁见智。不过,在我参加的面试中,教授们有表达出对本人研究的了解,因此我认为他们至少还是比较认真的读了我的 research statement。
此外,当前的很多学科强调合作,文章的作者可能来自于不同的系、甚至不同的学校。如果有这样的经历,不妨谈一谈自己在团队中的作用,也可以提及自己与申请学校教授之间的潜在合作。Research statement(包括下文的 teaching statement)和 cover letter 部分内容重合没有关系,毕竟都是自己的工作和经历。
Teaching Statement 对于 teaching school,或者以教课为主的职位来说,teaching statement 是重中之重。有些博士后的职位因为要参与授课,也可能会要求提交一份 teaching statement,我也曾经见过 teaching postdoc 的职位。
岔开一句:我所在的心理学在美国大多数的学校都属于热门专业,教课需求偏大。而在不少 R1 和 R2 级别的学校,教授们更希望从事研究,并且这些学校的教课任务相对较少,因此很多课程是由在读博士生独立讲授。我很建议在博士期间能多教授不同的课程,以增加教课经验和未来求职竞争力。而对于另一些学科,也许有的博士只有 TA 经验没有独立授课的经验。我身边有朋友为土木工程系博士,只有 TA 经验而未曾独立授课。对于这样的情况怎么写 teaching statement,还需要向有经验的人士请教。
Teaching statement 可包含以下内容:
教过哪些课。 在教课过程中与学生的互动。换句话说,要体现出申请者的授课不枯燥,能够带动学生思考。我私以为要真正做到这一点不容易。不少教授,包括一些 native speaker,讲课很枯燥,基本就是照着 PPT 念。但是无论现实中如何,在 teaching statement 中不妨写上几个例子来佐证自己与学生的互动。我以前讲授行为统计时常在班级中搞现场调查,然后用「新鲜收上来」的数据给学生展示统计的作用。又或者在讲授人的非理性决策时,我常让学生现场做一些决策,让他们体会到自己的选择与传统经济学理论的不一致。Teaching statement 的长度通常是单倍行距 1-2 页,因此举若干个例子就足够了。 带学生做研究,如果与学生合作有文章发表或者会议论文,都是加分项。对这部分内容可以大致描写下研究项目,以及自己如何指导学生。就自身经历而言,我在 teaching statement 中说「对于低年级的学生可以从阅读文献做起;而对于高年级的学生,鼓励他们自己开展实验,而我的任务是负责教授一些高级的统计方法和论文修改。」 Diversity。这一块不是必须的,但是考虑到目前美国多数高校的政治倾向,如果有相关经历可以提一下。举例 :申请者如何帮助 minority students, first generation students 等。又或者可以写一下自己是如何把 diversity 结合到课程中去。在我讲授抽样调查时,就给学生展示过两篇文章:问卷非常类似,但是因为样本的种族不同,所得到的结果差别巨大。其它可以加分的经历。我在讲授认知心理学时,班上有一半的学生来自神经科学专业(很多打算未来申请医学院)。因此我在课程中加了很多脑机制的内容,在 teaching statement 中试图用这样的经历说明自己可以给不同专业的学生教课,并且有能力讲授生理心理方面的课程。也曾听说有教授组织学生外出实习,作为课程的一项活动,和工业界有联系的教授通常会很有优势。 根据自己经历背景可以教授的课程。 Teaching Evaluation 如果申请者的评价很好,无论对方学校是否要求都可以提交。如果评价一般,则可视情况而定。当然,如果对方学校要求,那一定要提交,除非把简历和 teaching statement 中相关的教课经验都抹去。
假如教课经验较多,评价也比较好,可以在 teaching statement 中,或者所有的 teaching evaluation 之前做一个总结(可以是一张表),来证明自己的教课能力。
如果对自己的评价不确定好坏,可以向系主任询问是否有系平均的数据。假如自己的评价比系平均要高,可以在 teaching statement 中提一下。
推荐信 严格来说推荐信不是自己提交的,但是推荐人要申请者自己找。一般需要三个推荐人。一个是自己的导师,另两个可以自己找也可以让导师推荐。在研究方面,R1 的博士在找推荐人时很有优势。
如果申请的职位有一定的教学任务,建议让系主任或者系里负责教课的 teaching coordinator 写一封推荐信来证明教学情况。另一个方法是邀请资深老师来听一次课,然后根据听课情况写一封推荐信。
有时申请者会遇到这样的情况:博士毕业后拿到一个临时的职位,这意味着刚入职就需要新一轮的申请,因为高校的职位特别是 tenure-track 的职位,往往需要提前一年申请。这时申请者面临着如何向新单位的同事索取推荐信的问题。我也曾有这样的经历,采用的方法是入职不久就在系里做一场学术报告,然后跟方向相近的教授表达出需要推荐信的意愿,此后推荐人根据报告和交谈的情况写了一封信。
何时提交推荐信?这取决于申请学校的系统。有些学校在提交申请时会自动给推荐人发送邮件,有些学校则会在确定小名单或者面试名单后才会联系推荐人。
Faith Statement 有些(注意不是全部)教会学校会要求 faith statement,并且有的 faith statement 会具体到特定的宗教派别。虽然职场竞争激烈,僧多粥少,但是不建议弄虚作假。如果学校对信仰的要求与自己的信仰不一致,不建议强求。有些教会学校对申请者信仰并无特定要求,那可以根据自己的学术背景进行申请。
H-1B 在职位申请表中,学校通常不会直接询问申请者是否是公民或者永久居民。但是,很多学校会询问申请者是否需要 sponsor working visa。就我的经历,大部分的学校会赞助工作签证(这也算是学术界比起工业界的一个优势,并且不需要抽签,参见这篇文章 对 EB-2/H-1B 的介绍),但也确实有学校会表示不赞助。通常这样的学校会在招聘广告中注明或者在确定面试名单前询问申请者。
小结 申请的材料虽然看起来就那么几样,但是真正要写起来并不容易(特别是不能写得过长)。希望以上的论述能对申请者们起到一些参考作用。此外,比较直接的手段是向导师、师兄师姐询问相关的材料作为模板。在完成草稿后最好找一位 native speaker 修改下语言。
生于湖南,求学于北京,先后在广东、北京、DC 工作。一代移民,生活在美东小镇。
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相关文章 Last update on 2025-03-13. Affiliate links and images from Amazon Product Advertising API. This website is an Amazon Associate. We earn from qualifying purchases.
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