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美国的公立中小学实行义务教育,不用交学费。分配的学校由家庭住址决定,原则上是就近入读;当然,由于学区划分的问题,实际上你家分到的可能并不是直线距离最近的学校。
下面我们来了解一下如何查看公立中小学校的评分,买房和租房的时候可以提早做好功课。私立学校不受居住地址限制,本文不讨论。
美国的义务教育制度 美国的义务教育从 kindergarten 开始算起,一直到 12 年级,总共 13 年。Kindergarten 前的 pre-school 不算作义务教育。虽然各州政策不同,但大多数州规定 9 月 1 日前满 5 岁的孩子即可入读 kindergarten,一般来说小学为 kindergarten 至 5 年级,中学为 6-8 年级,高中为 9-12 年级,但不同地区可能年级划分不一样。
美国公立中小学不收学费,大部分经费来自当地房产税,小部分由联邦政府、州政府、当地政府资助。也就是说,公立中小学的经费和当地房产税直接挂钩:地产税收入越多,教育经费越充足,学校发展就越好,形成「好学区」;因为学校好,更多人想购买这个学区的房子,推动房价上涨,从而能收到更多房产税,学校又能获得更多资金。因此,房价和学区是相辅相成的关系。
家庭住址与学校分配 想就近进入好学校,不一定要购买房产,租房也是一样的。入学不是看你的房产证,而是看你实际有没有住在这一区。在 greatschools.org 主页输入家庭住址,即出现该住址被分配的小学、中学、高中。
Greatschools.org 的信息并非 100% 准确,若是要买房等重大决定,务必通过官方渠道核实 assigned school,不要光凭 greatshools.org 的信息就买房。
若就读期间搬家,下一学年就要转入新地址和新分配的学校。如果想转回原先的学校,或因为其他原因不想就读原本被分配的学校,可申请转校。不论是本学区内转校,还是跨学区转校,都必须在原本的学校先注册,然后再向 district office 提出申请。学区负责人开学前和本区校长开会,讨论所有转校申请,根据学位数量和转校理由,决定是否批准转校申请。转校申请每年都要递一次,若没有及时递出申请,就要回到原本分配的学校读咯。
用 Great Schools 查看学校评分 Greatschools 除了查询学校划分,还能看每间学校的评分。10 分为满分,7 分以上是 above average,5-6 分是 average,5 分以下是 below average。评分的标准,是将本州 所有公立学校横向比较,除了考试成绩外,还有学生的学业进步程度、族裔、出勤率、纪律等。
买房时,如果打算在这个地方住到孩子高中毕业,那么就要着重留意高中的评分。如果打算几年后搬家,那么就先看看小学的评分。等到搬家后,新地址分配到的中学可能和之前的不一样了。比如输入我家地址,点开查询结果中的小学,可看到学校地址、学区名字、电话、各项评分、家长评论等信息。
以这家 5 分的学校为例,Greatschool 上收录了 Test scores 和 Equity 两项数据,评分分别为 7/10 和 3/10,因此平均分数为 5/10。
接下来是各个小项目的评分,分为:
Academic :学生考试成绩;再细分为 test scores 和 student progress。 Equity :不同类型的学生是否平衡发展,分为 race/ethnicity 不同种族、low-income students 低收入家庭学生、students with disabilities 残障学生,以他们的成绩与其他学生横向对比。 Environment :学校出勤率、教师与班级大小、附近社区房价等情况。 考试成绩 Academic 这间学校 academic 的综合评分是 7/10。 Test scores :测验分数,可以查看 3 年级以上的学生在 English, Science 和 Math 科目的测验水平,以及与州平均水平的对比。以 English 为例 ,三、四年级都在州平均以上,五年级反而退步了,六年级则又进步了。 Student progress :各年级学生近几年的测验分数比较。很不幸,我这边的几所学校缺乏这一项目的信息。 平衡发展 Equity Overview :这间学校在 equity 方面的综合评分是 3/10。其中低收入和缺乏支持的家庭里的孩子中,只有 28% 跟得上本州的测验水平;而其他学生中,有 82% 都能跟上本州的测验水平。我再提供一个在 Equity 方面评分为 6/10 的学校,低收入家庭孩子和其他孩子间的差距就没那么大了,低收入家庭的孩子中,有一半都跟得上,要么是家长督促得好,要么是学校对这些学生有足够的关心。 A 学校 Equity 评分 B 学校 Equity 评分 Race/ethnicity :数据显示这间学校的白人学生测验水平最高 8/10,其次是黑人学生 3/10,南美裔学生只拿到 1/10,但缺乏亚裔学生数据。点击 Discipline & attendance 还可以看到出勤率。 Low-income students :这间学校低收入家庭学生(占总学生的 54%),测验成绩低于州平均水平。 Students with disabilities :残障学生的测验水平在州平均以上,说明学校对残障学生扶持较好。 学校环境 Environment General information :学校的上学时间、招生、体育活动、班级情况等,有些没有。 Students :学生的族裔分布、性别比例和低收入家庭比例等。 Teachers & staff :班级师生比例,看一个教师带多少个学生。家长普遍喜欢小班级,这样老师能更多的关注到每个学生。 家长评论 Reviews 最后是家长们对这间学校的评论。家长评论是很主观的,和 Greatschools 的评分没有直接关系,可能评分高的学校反而有差评。比如有的家长不喜欢有家庭作业的,这方面就会给差评。
用 NICHE 查看学校评分 NICHE.com 可以查看学校(中小学和大学)、城市、社区的评分。本文是介绍如何查看学校评分,关于城市的部分大家可以自己试试,也许等我老了会去看看哪里适合退休。
NICHE.com 对学校的评分是另一种方式 ,比较复杂,我也看不太懂。学校的分数从 A+到 D-,当然分数为 A+的是最好的。NICHE 和 Greatschools 评分方法不同,对于同一间学校得出的分数(等级)也许会不一样。比如会出现 A 校在 Greatschools 上面比 B 校高、但在 NICHE 上反而 B 校分数较高的情况。
在 NICHE 主页 ,搜索框选择 K-12 Schools,输入具体的学校名字就会看到这间学校的信息,输入学区名字则会看到本学区地理范围、房产价位、学区内中小学列表。对于要置办房产的家长,NICHE 会比较方便,它的房产信息是链接至 realtor.com 的,看学校看房子两不误,但是在各个小项目上的信息比较简略。
NICHE 在 academic, student, teacher 三方面对学校进行评分,然后三者结合得出一个综合评分。
Academic 查看这间学校在 reading 和 maths 科目上超过本州平均分的学生比例数。以下截图的学校信息和我之前在 Greatschools 上面查的是同一间,借此比较两个网站评分的差异。数据显示这间学校的学生在 Reading 和 Maths 科目上的成绩处于州平均分线之上一点,并不算领先,和 Greatschools 上面查到的结果差不多。
Students 查看这间学校的学生总数、性别比例、享受减免午餐的人数(i.e., 低收入家庭)、族裔分布等信息。
Teachers 查看这间学校的班级师生比例。
选择学校时,我还是比较推荐用 Greatschools ,信息较为细致,NICHE 可做为补充,不过 NICHE 对高中的评分则详细很多。大家根据孩子的年龄,结合当地学区官方网站、学校开放日,亲自了解后再下决定。
多找当地人聊 Greatschools.org 并非万能,也不能全信。比如你用 zillow.com 找房子,上面也调用了 greatschools.org 的数字,但是经常会有两边对不上的情况,有时甚至有很大差别,并且找不到合理的解释。
另外,同样的数字,可以有不同的解读。比如说,NICHE 的评分标准是提倡多样性,但是又不能搞种族歧视。以下面的三所学校为例:
学校 A :70% 黑人 + 10% 白人 + 10 Hispanic + 10% 亚裔; 学校 B :70% 白人 + 10 Hispanic + 10% 亚裔 + 10% 黑人; 学校 C :90% 白人 + 5% 黑人 + 5% 亚裔 在 NICHE 的「多样性」评分中,这三所学校的评分会是 A = B > C,但是恐怕很多家长都不会认同的!
最后,不同的家庭也会有不同的偏好。比如我认识一个德裔妈妈,今年从我家附近搬到了一个较偏远、学区也没那么好的地方,原因是那边的学校有德语课。
因此,greatschools.org 和 NICHE 的评分仅供参考,应该同时多问当地人的意见,尤其是那些土生土长、或者在当地住了十几年的华裔移民的看法。有些学校在 greatschools.org 上评分一般,但是当地人都知道是最好的学校!
使用 Greatschools.org 的数据,加上多和当地人聊天得来的信息,综合判断,大致就能较准确地知道你所在的城市或区域哪些学校最好了。
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这样啊,好吧,谢啦
schooldigger 也是一个不错的网站
谢谢补充!我快速看了下,貌似信息还不错!
您好,Derek Yang,请问 7 分的学校也算是好学校吗?
我认为不算。
文章里不是才说学校分数一般也可能是好学校吗?怎么别人就提供了个 7 分就变成不能是好学校了。
一般来说 7 分只是高于平均线一点,你要细看它的具体评价。如果该学校在学业上的评分有 8-9,只是因为其他因素(比如族裔分布)拉低了总体评分,那还可能算是好学校。如果该学校的学业评分就只有 7,那就不算好啦。