如果你想自己 DIY 监控系统，这篇文章将教你监控摄像头的知识，包括摄像头类型、常见的功能、选购要点与产品推荐。
摄像头类型
子弹形摄像头
这是很多人熟悉的圆柱形的摄像头，它们可以装置在墙壁或天花板上，并且可以在底座上随意转动角度，还带一个小小的遮雨板，当然摄像头的防水性并不是单单依靠这块遮雨板。
- [ IP66 Waterproof Guard ] IP66 weatherproof makes Victure outdoor security camera ideal for using outside and keeping recording in the ever-changing outdoor environment no matter rain or shine.
- [ Two-Way Audio ] This outdoor camera with an integrated mic and high-power speaker allows you communicate with welcomed guests and your family member clearly no matter where you are.
- [ Video Storage in Cloud / SD Card ] Local storage of this security camera supports up to 64GB Micro SD card. Encrypted security cloud storage service is also supported. The first month of cloud storage is free. Additional charges apply after.
- 【CRYSTAL CLEAR 1080P FOOTAGE】See everything clearly that matters in 1080P HD, easily recognize the details you need in smooth and clear videos, leaving nothing to the imagination.
- 【POWERFUL 4-IN-1 COMPATIBILITY】This security camera supports AHD/TVI/CVI/CVBS video output (default AHD), and it is compatible with ANNKE DVRs and most third-party DVRs on the market. With the foolproof joystick switch on the cable, you can freely access the OSD menu and switch the video output mode by pushing the control button.
- 【100FT IR NIGHT VISION】The equipped premium IR LEDs are automatically activated in low light conditions so that you can capture clear B&W vision at dawn, dust, night, on rainy days or any conditions with low light illumination.
球形摄像头
它们是安装在天花板上，摄像头朝下拍摄，可以转动角度，看起来像天花板上的大眼睛。
- ENHANCED NIGHT VISION: Latest tech anti-reflection black film panel, IR filter and upgraded Led for brighter clearer and cleaner image at night.
- WIDE ANGLE CRISP IMAGE: 1/2.7-inch CMOS sensor & Megapixel Lens for crystal clear day and night image with wide view.
- IP66 COMPACT DESIGN: Compact size for easy installation; Recommend installing it indoor or on porch.
- VideoSecu brand. If you did not see VideoSecu logo on box, please report to Amazon.com
- 360 degrees turn and rotation, 90 degrees tilt
- All parts interchangeable, all metal construction
无线摄像头
这些即插即用的无线摄像机已经非常流行。因为它不需要连电线和网线，安装起来十分方便，DIY 就可以，不用请电工拉线。在户外没有电源插座的地方尤其实用。通常是用电池或者太阳能发电板。
- 【Small & Big】Hiseeu C10+ camera the size of a Turkey egg has built-in 2Pcs 3000 mAh high quality Panasonic Rechargeable batteries.The camera is fully charged and almost can be used for 120 days, Hardware and software work together to get the most out of your battery. You can check the remaining battery power in cloudege's power management interface You can also buy solar powered model(Search: B07S5K9XSS on amzon) and no longer worrying about charging.
- 【Multi angle bracket】The multi angle bracket allows you to monitor any area of the courtyard that you want to monitor. Support up, down, left and right full angle adjustment of camera shooting angle.
- 【Wireless WiFi & Cordless】When we say our indoor/outdoor surveillance camera is totally wireless, we mean it. There are no wires involved whether it’s watching the streams or installing it. Our rechargeable security camera is powered by a built-in rechargeable battery that allows you to place it indoors and outdoors without worrying about annoying wires. (Tips: ONLY COMPATIBLE with 2.4G WiFi router)
- RECHARGEABLE & LONG STANDBY TIME: This rechargeable camera comes with a 6000mAh battery that lasts up to 2 – 5 months when fully charged so that you don’t have to worry about continuously charging it(Tips: FULLY CHARGE when use it for first time).
- EASY TO INSTALL & USE: This wire-free battery powered outdoor security camera takes less than 5 minutes to set up without having to use any complicated tools. It comes with a magnetic bracket screw and double-sided adhesive tape allowing you to install it. anywhere you want.
- WIRELESS & CORDLESS: When we say our indoor/outdoor surveillance camera is totally wireless, we mean it. There are no wires involved whether it’s watching the streams or installing it. Our rechargeable security camera is powered by a built-in rechargeable battery that allows you to place it indoors and outdoors without worrying about annoying wires. (ONLY COMPATIBLE with 2.4G WiFi router)
伪装摄像头
这些摄像头就是个壳子，没有实际功能，不能拍摄，起个震慑的作用。现在的假摄像头越做越真，还有 LED 指示灯一闪一闪，模拟正在工作、录像的摄像头。因为没有实际功能和工作模块，这些 fake/dummy cameras 很便宜。
- THEY ARE: Realistic simulation surveillance cameras, providing you with similar protections to real cameras, reducing the possibility of crime, and much cheaper.
- HOW TO WORK: With the same appearance to real cameras, people will think it's a real camera, even in the close distance during the day; With the built-in photoelectric sensor, the red LED light only illuminated at night, very eye-catching. They will 7x24 protects your safety.
- TIPS: Install both fake and real camera to protect your home and business with such little cost. Choose high-quality AA battery to prevent inferior batteries, leak liquid, and damage the battery case;
- Features: The inexpensive solution for security theft problems with high resemblance to real cameras and activation light. No motorized pan movement. With elegant and contemporary design, this camera is very popular.
- Design: Made of high quality and durable material. Compact design and easy to install. Appear to work as an actual security camera.
- Installation: Cheap and effective way to deter criminals. Installs quickly and easily to the ceiling or wall using the included screws. No wiring is required. 2 pcs AA batteries operated (NOT included).
摄像头选购要点
当你选好摄像头的类型，就要考虑它们有哪些功能是你实际需要的。
App 控制
大多数人想要安装摄像头的原因，是想在他们外出的时候能够观察家内外的情况，因此你要确保监控系统自带的 app 要易于使用和功能完整。
双向通话
这是一个很实用的功能。你可以和娃或狗聊天，也可以呵斥小偷。
实时取景
摄像头实时拍摄并且你能在 app 里收看到「直播」。有些系统允许你关闭这个功能以延长电池寿命，仅片段录制在云储存/硬盘，事后观看，但从安全角度，能够实时观察家内外情况更加安全的。
App 推送通知
当摄像头检测到运动物体时，可通过 app 通知你。你也可以在 app 里开启/关闭这个功能，以免收到太多通知（大多数时候可能是你的狗在玩，或路人经过）。
多用户使用
能够在 app 里添加用户，这在家庭里是很实用的功能，单身狗就无所谓了。
画面质量
现在的摄像头至少也有720p解析度，很多能到1080p，甚至4k。当然，解析度越高，对网络带宽以存储空间的要求就越高。
HDR 模式
HDR = High Dynamic Range，高动态范围。所谓动态范围，是指视频记录亮部和暗部细节与层次的能力。有 HDR 模式的摄像头，能在高对比度的环境下显示更多细节：特别亮的区域不容易出现过曝、白花花一片，而很暗的区域也能看到更多细节，而不是黑乎乎一片。
夜视功能
很多摄像头都有一定水平的夜视功能。夜视功能常以英尺做单位，很多 WiFi 摄像头的夜视功能有15英尺、25英尺不等。而球形和子弹头形摄像头的夜视功能就更强大了，可达200英尺，这是因为它们有大量红外 LED。
视野角度
摄像头的视野指可以看到和记录的区域的角度范围。许多 WiFi 摄像头提供非常宽的视野，有时可达180°。
摄像头的视野取决于镜头的焦距。有些摄像头的商品描述不会直接告诉你它的拍摄角度范围，而是告诉你镜头焦距是多少。比如2.8mm的焦距，相当于90度的视野；有些则直接告诉你它的视野有110度。
摄像头活动范围
大多数摄像头在工作时的位置是固定的，它只拍摄它面前的区域。当被拍摄物体移动至镜头外，就拍不到了。如果摄像头能够平移、倾斜和缩放，就能部分解决这个问题。平移指摄像头左右水平移动，倾斜指摄像头上下移动。这通常需要人工调整，或通过 app 控制。
移动侦测
现在的摄像头几乎都有移动侦测功能。一点风吹草动都能触发移动侦测，除非你想不停的收到 app 通知，否则请选择能够设置运动区域的摄像头，最好能将树木排除在移动侦测范围外。
视频帧数
每秒帧数（frame per second）是一种测量监控系统每秒录制的视频帧数的方法。例如，30 fps 的摄像头在一秒钟的视频中能录制30帧。帧数越高，视频越流畅。少于25pfs的影像看起来就不连贯了，物体动作会像「123木头人」一样一顿一顿的。
抗极端天气
安装在室外的摄像头要考虑到极端天气带来的影响。这些极端天气包括雨雪、撞击（冰雹）、沙尘、潮湿、高温、低温等。衡量摄像头对极端天气的抵抗力的数值叫 Ingress Protection (IP) rating，注意和 Intellectual Property 或 IP address 的 IP 字样区分。
IP rating 是两位数，第一个数字表示防尘等级（0-6），第二个数字表示防水等级（0-9）。比如一个 IP66 weatherproof 的摄像头，表示它抵抗沙尘的等级是6级，达到最高防尘等级；抵抗雨水的等级也是6级，可抵抗海浪冲刷，但不能浸在水里。
文件存储
不管你是24小时持续录像，还是只在触发运动检测时时才录像，你都需要一个存储文件的空间。画面质量越高，帧数越大，需要的存储空间就越大。
云存储
无线摄像头通过 Wi-Fi 连接到家庭网络，大多数提供某种云存储选项。云存储空间要付费，或有些提供一定时间（比如24小时内）免费存储和观看，要观看更久以前的录像就要付费。尽管云存储会每月产生固定费用，但无线摄像头安装简便，已经越来越流行。
记忆卡
存储文件量与记忆卡容量有关，记忆卡存满了之后要更换新记忆卡，或覆盖掉旧文件。
硬盘
这类监控系统包括若干个摄像头 + 一部主机箱，主机箱可安装硬盘或外接移动硬盘。
网络
如果你要用手机查看影像，或是用无线摄像头，那么家庭网络就是必须的。当网络出现故障，监控系统也就无法工作了。若你的屋子很大，也许你还需要一些扩大 WiFi 信号的小器材，比如 WiFi Range Extender。
- Extend WiFi Coverage - Boost Internet WiFi Coverage up to 1200 Sq.ft and Connects up to 20 devices - Compatible with WiFi Router, Gateway, Access Point ( 2.4GHz - 300Mbps / 5GHz - 433Mbps )
- Eliminate WiFi Dead Zones - Enjoy Lag-Free Connection to any type of devices, including wired devices via Fast Ethernet port. System Requirements - Microsoft Windows 98SE, NT, 2000, XP, Vista or Windows 7, 8, 10, Mac OS, NetWare, UNIX or Linux
- Stay Connected - Expand WiFi Coverage for your Smart Phones, Smart TV, Fire Stick, Google Chromecast, Web Browsing, Alexa Echo, Ring and more
- Extend WiFi Coverage - Boost Internet WiFi Coverage up to 800 Square feet - Compatible with any WiFi Router, Gateway, Access Point
- Eliminate WiFi Dead Zones - Enjoy Lag-Free connection to any type of devices, including wired devices via Ethernet Port
- Stay connected - Expand WiFi coverage for your Smart Phones, Smart TV, Fire Stick, Google Chromecast, Web Browsing, Alexa Echo, Ring and more
网络不好的地区，可以使用带硬盘或记忆卡的监控系统，并自己连接显示器查看画面。
隐私考量
你的家居安全会不会侵犯到别人的隐私？这是一个需要考虑的因素。大多数摄像头会有不同颜色的 LED 区分（也就是不能静悄悄地偷拍），显示它正在工作但没人在实时观看，或有人正在观看，或正在录影。安装摄像头的位置也要小心不能拍摄到邻居家的细节。
评价比较好的几款监控系统
评价比较好的几款智能摄像头
家庭安防系统指南
俗话说「害人之心不可有，防人之心不可无」，虽然生活在美国的华人，购买房屋时都会留意当地的社会治安状况，尽量买在比较安全的地区，但「不怕一万、就怕万一 」，除非是住在公寓大楼、有24小时门卫，否则给自己的家庭安装一套完善的安防系统还是会更安心。
最近因为疫情关系，很多地区的犯罪率都有所提升。最近华人媒体报道，此前为中国调查记者、现居洛杉矶地区的纪许光，深夜遭遇入室抢劫，如果不是男主人当时还没睡，冲上二楼拿出自己的枪，逼退歹徒，后果相当严重，详情可以查看他的推特、以及当地华人报纸《世界日报》的报道。
(more…)继续阅读：《美国家庭安防系统选购指南》。
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