我开始使用漱口水的契机,是看见 Listerine “21天塑造好习惯”的广告。那么漱口水是真的对口腔健康有效,还是商家的噱头呢?下面的小知识来自美国牙科协会。
美国牙科协会(American Dental Association)建议漱口水可做为日常口腔卫生的补充,但不能代替日常刷牙和牙线。漱口水的好处是可以到达牙刷不容易到达的地方。 在刷牙前还是刷牙后漱口的问题取决于个人偏好,但一些牙膏成分(如氢氧化钙或氢氧化铝)可以与漱口水中的氟离子形成复合物,降低漱口水的功效,所以一般是建议在刷牙后,用清水漱口,再使用漱口水。
漱口水的类型
大体上,漱口水有两种类型:美容性和治疗性漱口水。
- 美容性漱口水可能会暂时抑制口腔异味,并留下清新的味道,但除了暂时的好处外,没有其他作用。如果一种产品不能杀死产生口腔异味的细菌,那么它就可认为是单纯的美容性漱口水。
- 治疗性漱口水的活性成分可帮助控制或减少口臭,减轻牙龈炎、牙菌斑和蛀牙等症状。
治疗性漱口水的活性成分
当你阅读药品背后的标签,你会看到 active ingredients 和 inactive ingredients。
- Active ingredients 是指药品或农药中具有生物活性的成分。
- Inactive ingredients 是指药品中不增加或不影响活性成分治疗作用的成分。非活性成分可认为是辅料,包括稳定剂、增稠剂、色素、防腐剂、香味等,与活性成分结合以促进药物在体内运输的药剂也被视为非活性成分。
以下是漱口水中常见的活性成分:
- Cetylpyridinium chloride 西吡氯铵(简称 CPC):用于减少口臭。
- Chlorhexidine 洗必泰:控制牙菌斑和牙龈炎(必须通过处方购买)。
- Essential oils 精油:控制牙菌斑和牙龈炎。
- Fluoride 氟化物:预防龋齿。
- Peroxide 过氧化物:美白牙齿。
儿童可以用漱口水吗?
不建议6岁以下的儿童使用漱口水。 这么小的孩子吞咽反射可能还没有发育完善,他们可能会吞下大量漱口水,这可能会引发不良后果,如恶心、呕吐和中毒(某些漱口水中含有酒精成分)。
漱口水可针对哪些口腔问题?
口腔异味(口臭)
挥发性硫化合物(Volatile sulfur compounds)是造成口腔异味或口臭的主要因素。美容性的漱口水可以暂时掩盖口臭并提供令人愉悦的味道,但对细菌或挥发性硫化合物没有作用。含有抗菌剂等治疗剂的漱口水可能对长期控制口臭有效。漱口水配方中的抗菌剂包括洗必泰、二氧化氯、CPC 和精油(如桉叶醇、薄荷醇、百里香醇和水杨酸甲酯)。
- 1-liter bottle of Listerine Freshburst spearmint antiseptic mouthwash kills 99.9% of germs that...
- A germ-killing mouthwash for bad breath clinically shown to reduce plaque more than brushing and...
- From the #1 dentist recommended brand of over the counter mouthwashes, this mouthwash features a...
- Keeps breath feeling fresh up to 5x longer vs. brushing alone
- Speak confidently with the #1 fresh breath brand among non-drug mouthwashes****P&G Calculation based...
- Crest clean meets Scope freshness
- FIGHT BAD BREATH: Our Fresh Breath Oral Rinse is a dentist-formulated mouthwash that targets...
- RESTORE CONFIDENCE: Our original Mild Mint mouthwash uses clinically-proven ingredients to help...
- PREMIUM ORAL CARE: Our solution-oriented line of toothpastes, mouthwashes, breath sprays, tonsil...
牙菌斑和牙龈炎
当漱口水结合日常刷牙和使用牙线时,漱口水中的抗菌成分如 CPC、洗必泰和精油可以减少牙菌斑和牙龈炎。虽然一些研究发现洗必泰比精油能更好地控制牙菌斑,但在牙龈炎控制方面没有观察到任何差异。CPC 和洗必泰可能会导致牙齿、舌头着色。
- Antibacterial mouthwash provides 12 hour protection against germs after eating and drinking
- Kills 99% of germs on contact for fresher breath
- Peppermint flavor leaves your breath feeling clean and fresh for a 10X longer lasting cool
- 99% Germ kill and a healthier mouth Gingivitis reduction vs. brushing with regular toothpaste
- Kills millions of germs that cause plaque, gingivitis and bad breath without the burn of alcohol.
- Rinsing everyday helps prevent gingivitis
- One 1-liter bottle of tartar control plus antiseptic mouth rinse
- Helps control plaque that leads to gingivitis
- Controls tartar
蛀牙
经常使用含氟漱口水可以减少儿童的蛀牙机会,无论是否接触过其他氟化物来源(即含氟水或含氟牙膏)。
- Contains one (1) 33.8 fluid ounce bottle of ACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash Mint Burst...
- ZERO ALCOHOL: This ACT Oral Care Product is an alcohol-free mouthwash
- 4 BENEFITS IN 1: This fluoride mouthwash is designed to strengthen tooth enamel, remineralize soft...
- Four 18-fluid ounce bottles of anticavity fluoride mouth rinse
- Helps prevent cavities and strengthen teeth
- Alcohol Free
- DELICIOUS & FUN: ACT Anticavity Fluoride Rinse comes in great tasting flavors made just for kids!...
- MAXIMUM FLUORIDE: ACT Anticavity Kids formula provides maximum fluoride in a convenient 1-time-a-day...
- ACT FRESHENS BREATH: No one enjoys bad or sour breath, and fresh breath is one of the benefits of...
外用止痛
声称能缓解疼痛的漱口水最常见的成分是含有局部麻醉剂,如利多卡因、盐酸苯佐卡因/丁胺/四卡因、盐酸达克罗宁或苯酚。此外,透明质酸钠、聚乙烯吡咯烷和甘草酸可作为一种屏障,以缓解继发于口腔病变(如口疮)的疼痛。
- Pack of 3 bottles, Each bottle is 16 ounce
- Specifically formulated to kill bacteria and promote healing
- Designed specifically for canker sores, gum irritation, cheek bites and denture irritation
- Mouth rinses cleanses and promotes healing of minor oral wounds
- Helps promote healing of: oral sores, irritations, mouth burns
- Oxygenating action removes oral debris to facilitate healing
牙齿美白
当漱口水含有过氧化碳酰胺或过氧化氢时,可能有助于减少牙齿表面污渍。含有过氧化碳酰胺的漱口水中,过氧化碳酰胺的浓度通常是10%,由牙医分发给患者使用。含有过氧化氢的漱口水则可以在商店买到,其过氧化氢的浓度通常是1.5% - 2%。一项研究发现 [来源],使用含有过氧化氢1.5% - 2%的漱口水12周,牙齿颜色改变的程度与使用10%碳酰胺过氧化氢美白凝胶两周,效果相当。
- Safely whitens teeth** **with brushing by removing surface stains
- Strengthens enamel
- Helps prevent cavities
- 16-fluid ounce bottle of Listerine Healthy White Vibrant Multi-Action Fluoride Anticavity Mouthwash...
- Teeth whitening mouthwash starts to work on contact to remove teeth stains for whiter teeth and a...
- Mouth rinse with sodium fluoride helps prevent cavities while the dynamic foaming action works to...
- High Impact White teeth whitening mouthwash
- Effective and enamel safe 2% hydrogen peroxide whitening formula, an ingredient recommended by...
- Actively whitens teeth and Whiteseal technology helps to prevent future stains
口干症
口干(xerostomia)是口腔内唾液缺乏所引起的一种症状。缺乏唾液会增加患龋齿的风险,含氟漱口水可能有助于解决这个问题。 含有酒精的漱口水则可能会进一步加重口干症,因此建议口干症患者使用不含酒精的漱口水。含有酶、纤维素衍生物和/或动物粘蛋白的漱口水可以模仿唾液的成分和感觉,并可进一步缓解与口臭相关的症状。
- One 16-fluid ounce bottle of dry mouth oral rinse
- Soothes and hydrates dry mouth
- Alcohol Free
- Relieves the symptoms and discomfort of dry mouth for 4 hours of lasting comfort
- Refreshes, moisturizes, and soothes irritation that comes from dry mouth
- Alcohol free mouthwash so there's no burn; fluoride free mouthwash formula
- Soothes dry mouth
- Moisturizes mouth tissue
- Strengthens teeth
牙槽骨炎(干槽症)
牙槽骨炎(Alveolar osteitis 简称 AO),又称干槽症,是拔牙手术后常见的术后症状,尤其是第三臼齿的拔牙手术。AO 的发生是由于拔牙后形成的纤维蛋白凝块脱落,虽然根本原因尚不清楚,但据推测是细菌导致凝块分解,影响其稳定性。AO 通常会在手术后2~3天出现拔牙部位及周围的剧烈疼痛。研究分析显示 [来源],在不使用抗生素的情况下,洗必泰对预防第三臼齿拔牙后的 AO 是有效的。
口腔癌的担忧
饮酒和吸烟是已知的头颈部癌症的风险因素。有些人担心漱口水中的酒精会不会使患口腔癌的风险增高?目前没有任何证据表明每天使用漱口水和癌变有关联。酗酒者、酒精代谢不良者和常开车的人,建议谨慎选择含有酒精的漱口水,以免造成日常生活中的不便。
如何选择漱口水
- 主要看你的需求是什么。想减轻口腔异味、预防牙菌斑,就选择 CPC 或精油成分的漱口水;想预防龋齿,就选择含氟化物的漱口水;想美白牙齿,就选择含过氧化物的漱口水。
- 其次看包装上有没有 ADA Accepted 标志印章,有 ADA Accepted 标志的产品表示其功效通过了美国牙科协会的评估,安全性和有效性都可信任。
市面上常见的漱口水
这里只讨论超市、药店买得到的 OTC 漱口水,不包括医生开的处方漱口水。
Listerine
Listerine 漱口水有很多个系列,大部分系列的活性成分是各种精油,包括桉树酚、薄荷醇、水杨酸甲酯和百里酚,并含有至少21%的酒精,所以口感很辣。用后开车会不会被检出酒驾,我就不清楚了哈。
介意酒精成分的可以留意产品标签,Listerine 也有好几款不含酒精,活性成分也改成了以预防龋齿为主的氟化物,这种漱口水就没有减轻牙菌斑的作用了。Listerine 的限量版:绿茶+薄荷口味、椰子+青柠口味这两款不含任何活性成分,仅仅是清新口腔。
- 1-liter of Listerine Fluoride Anticavity Mouthwash in fresh mint flavor to improve oral health by...
- Fluoride-rich mouthwash offers six dental hygiene benefits in one oral rinse to kill germs that...
- Anticavity mouthwash freshens breath while helping to make teeth 50% stronger than brushing alone,...
- 1-liter bottle of Listerine Freshburst spearmint antiseptic mouthwash kills 99.9% of germs that...
- A germ-killing mouthwash for bad breath clinically shown to reduce plaque more than brushing and...
- From the #1 dentist recommended brand of over the counter mouthwashes, this mouthwash features a...
- Pack with two 1-liter bottles of Listerine Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash kills 99.9% of germs that...
- A germ-killing mouthwash for bad breath clinically shown to reduce plaque more than brushing and...
- As an ADA-accepted antiseptic mouthwash, Listerine Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash does more than...
- 1-liter bottle of Listerine Ultraclean Cool Mint Antiseptic Mouthwash to fight tartar buildup & kill...
- This tartar control mouthwash has the benefits of original Listerine Antiseptic Mouthwash with an...
- Daily oral rinse helps prevent tartar buildup and maintain healthy gums for fresh breath and a...
- ZERO-ALCOHOL MOUTHWASH: Two pack of 1-liter bottles of Listerine Total Care Zero alcohol-free...
- 6-IN-1 BENEFITS: Fluoride-rich mouthwash offers six benefits in one to kill germs that cause bad...
- 50% STRONGER TEETH: Alcohol-free mouthwash freshens breath while helping to make teeth 50% stronger...
Colgate
Colgate Total 系列的漱口水中的活性成分是 0.075% CPC,作用是预防牙菌斑、减轻口腔异味。不含酒精。
Colgate Optic White 则是使用过氧化氢,用以去除牙齿上的着色,也有一定消毒作用,但主打不是减轻牙菌斑和口腔异味。
- Mouth rinses cleanses and promotes healing of minor oral wounds
- Helps promote healing of: oral sores, irritations, mouth burns
- Oxygenating action removes oral debris to facilitate healing
- Antibacterial mouthwash provides 12 hour protection against germs after eating and drinking
- Kills 99% of germs on contact for fresher breath
- Peppermint flavor leaves your breath feeling clean and fresh for a 10X longer lasting cool
- High Impact White teeth whitening mouthwash
- Effective and enamel safe 2% hydrogen peroxide whitening formula, an ingredient recommended by...
- Actively whitens teeth and Whiteseal technology helps to prevent future stains
- High Impact White Teeth Whitening Formula
- Effective Hydrogen Peroxide Whitening Formula
- Actively Whitens Teeth and WhiteSeal Technology Helps to Prevent Future Stains
- Antibacterial mouthwash removes 24x more bacteria* and kills 99% of germs on contact
- Mouthwash for gum disease helps remove plaque and prevent against gingivitis
- Fresh mint mouthwash flavor freshens your breath
Crest
Crest Pro-Health 系列的活性成分是氟化物和/或 CPC,不含酒精。
Crest 3D White 中的美白活性成分是过氧化氢或六偏磷酸钠,部分产品还添加氟化钠,兼顾预防龋齿和美白双重效果。这系列不含酒精。
Crest + Scope 联名系列则含有 CPC + 12%-15%酒精。
Kids Crest 产品中的活性成分是低浓度的氟化物,主要是预防儿童龋齿。
- Safely whitens teeth** **with brushing by removing surface stains
- Strengthens enamel
- Helps prevent cavities
- Item Package Length: 12.192cm
- Item Package Width: 22.86cm
- Item Package Height: 27.94cm
- 99% Germ kill and a healthier mouth Gingivitis reduction vs. brushing with regular toothpaste
- Kills millions of germs that cause plaque, gingivitis and bad breath without the burn of alcohol.
- Rinsing everyday helps prevent gingivitis
- Mouthwash kills bad breath germs
- Helps prevent cavities
- Cleans teeth and gums
- Exclusive Whitelock Technology helps protect against future stains.
- Triple-action** formula whitens by removing surface stains.**Triple-action benefits: 1. Whitens...
- Protects against future stains. Suggested Age: 12 Years and Up
ACT
ACT 漱口水分为 Anticavity, restoring, total care, braces care 和 sensitive 系列,其活性成分都是氟化物和 CPC。ACT Kids 系列也是同样的活性成分,但非活性成分中的第一位是苯甲醇而不是水,表示它的含量比水还要高很多。我不是化学专业人员,心里会有点疑虑要不要给孩子用。如果有专业人员请帮忙解答我的疑惑。
- Rebuilds Tooth Enamel
- Helps Prevent Tooth Decay
- Remineralizes Soft Spots
- Contains one (1) 33.8 fluid ounce bottle of ACT Restoring Zero Alcohol Fluoride Mouthwash Mint Burst...
- ZERO ALCOHOL: This ACT Oral Care Product is an alcohol-free mouthwash
- 4 BENEFITS IN 1: This fluoride mouthwash is designed to strengthen tooth enamel, remineralize soft...
- DELICIOUS & FUN: ACT Anticavity Fluoride Rinse comes in great tasting flavors made just for kids!...
- MAXIMUM FLUORIDE: ACT Anticavity Kids formula provides maximum fluoride in a convenient 1-time-a-day...
- ACT FRESHENS BREATH: No one enjoys bad or sour breath, and fresh breath is one of the benefits of...
- Contains three(3) 33.8 fluid ounce bottle of ACT Restoring Fluoride Mouthwash Cool Mint Flavor
- INVIGORATING CLEAN: ACT Restoring Mouthwash Cool Mint contains 11% alcohol
- 4 BENEFITS IN 1: This fluoride mouthwash is designed to strengthen tooth enamel, remineralize soft...
- Contains one (1) 18 fluid ounce bottle of ACT Total Care Zero Alcohol Anticavity Fluoride Mouthwash...
- ZERO ALCOHOL: This ACT Oral Care Product is an alcohol-free mouthwash
- 4 BENEFITS IN 1: This fluoride mouthwash is designed to help prevent cavities, strengthen teeth,...
TheraBreath
我第一次听说这个牌子还是在代购圈,后来我发现超市就有,比上面的大众品牌漱口水贵很多。它有好多款,一些主打保护牙龈健康的产品活性成分是 0.05% CPC,非活性成分是一些精油类,如氢化蓖麻油、薄荷油、柑橘皮油;主打去渍去味的产品活性成分则是各种酶、氢氧化钠、苯甲酸钠;儿童系列则是以预防龋齿的氟化物为活性成分。
- FIGHT BAD BREATH: Our Fresh Breath Oral Rinse is a dentist-formulated mouthwash that targets...
- RESTORE CONFIDENCE: Our Icy Mint mouthwash uses clinically-proven oxygenating ingredients to help...
- PREMIUM ORAL CARE: Our solution-oriented line of toothpastes, mouthwashes, breath sprays, tonsil...
- Advanced Periotherapy Formula
- Healthy gums oral rinse is especially helpful for people who have unhealthy looking gums
- Dentist recommended to help treat irritated, sore gums and other periodontal problems
- TROPICAL SENSATION: With a light citrus flavor & hint of essential bergamot oil, Rainforest Mint is...
- FIGHT BAD BREATH: Our fresh breath oral Rinse is a Dentist-Formulated mouthwash that targets...
- PREMIUM ORAL CARE: Our solution-oriented line of toothpastes, mouthwashes, breath sprays, tonsil...
- FIGHT BAD BREATH: Our maximum-strength dentist-formulated mouthwash targets sulfur-producing...
- MAXIMUM STRENGTH: Thera Breath Plus Oral Rinse has an extra-potent formula with OXYD-8, Green Tea,...
- PREMIUM ORAL CARE: Our solution-oriented line of toothpastes, mouthwashes, breath sprays, tonsil...
- FIGHT BAD BREATH: Our Fresh Breath Oral Rinse is a dentist-formulated mouthwash that targets...
- RESTORE CONFIDENCE: Our original Mild Mint mouthwash uses clinically-proven ingredients to help...
- PREMIUM ORAL CARE: Our solution-oriented line of toothpastes, mouthwashes, breath sprays, tonsil...
总结
漱口水可做为口腔卫生的辅助手段,不能代替刷牙和牙线。单纯使用漱口水做为清洁手段就本末倒置了。至于买哪一款,可以根据个人需求选择不同成分的漱口水,我个人习惯买 Colgate 或 Crest,因为好买价格不贵,还不含酒精。Listerine 我真的 hold 不住,太辣了。
分享朋友圈

加入电报群
