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很多人会买好人寿保险,以防意外后家人失去保障,但鲜少人会在青壮年时候想到立遗嘱。据统计, 18-34 岁的年轻美国人只有 16% 立了遗嘱或对身后事有安排。
本文介绍遗嘱一般知识以及 6 个最佳的线上立遗嘱网站,避免你不幸身故后老父母被驱逐。
遗嘱与信托 遗嘱(Will)是具有法律约束力的文件,说明你希望资产如何分配。而信托(Trust)则是一种法律安排,通过该法律安排,你可以授权某人为受益人来处理你的资产。
即使你已有信托,遗嘱也很有用。这是一种法律机制,可让你提前确定死后资产的分配方式,并使赠与税和遗产税降至最低。这是因为大多数信托只处理特定资产,例如人寿保险或财产,而不是所持资产的总和。
不管有没有遗嘱,死者去世后的资产都要经过 probate,也就是法院认证的程序,才能交到继承人手中。若死者已立遗嘱,那么法院将验证遗嘱的真实有效性,再交由遗嘱执行人进行分配;若死者未立遗嘱,那么法院将按照本州法律,进行财产分配和决定未成年人的监护权。
以 Kansas 为例,若没有立遗嘱,死者的一半财产将分配给配偶(结婚 10 年以上),另一半财产则分与子女。如果你想改变分配方式,就只能靠遗嘱。
听到「信托」这个词,你是不是想到「富豪」、「避税」、「保护资产」等词?对,又不完全对。信托(Trust)是一项三方委托的关系。第一方为委托人(trustor / settlor),将资产委托至第二方受托人(trustee),受托人对资产进行管理,使第三方,即受益人(beneficiary)获得利益。
常见的 7 种遗嘱类型 正式遗嘱:Testamentary wills Testamentary wills 是书面、有见证人的遗嘱。本人(或在律师的协助下)拟好遗嘱,并由本人在见证人面前签字,这是最传统的一种遗嘱,也叫 last will and testament,能最大可能的保证你的遗愿被执行。遗嘱可指定立遗嘱人身故后的资产分配、继承人、执行人和孩子的监护人等。
手写遗嘱:Holographic wills Holographic 本意全息,引申义为手写。Holographic wills 是指由立遗嘱人亲自签名,但没有见证人的遗嘱。这种遗嘱通常是在时间紧急而没有证人的情况下立的,例如,当立遗嘱者陷入危及生命的事故中时。
某些州不承认手写遗嘱。而在允许的州,遗嘱也必须满足最低限度的要求,例如必须证明立遗嘱人在立遗嘱时有行为能力。即使这样,由于没有见证人,也常常会给遗嘱的有效性带来挑战。
口述遗嘱:Oral wills 立遗嘱人在证人面前口述遗嘱,但没有书面记录,因此也是最难被法院认证的遗嘱。
全面遗嘱:Pour-over wills 全面性遗嘱是和信托紧密相连的。人们建立信托时,可能有意(税务方面的考量)或无意(忘记了)将一些财产放入信托,在没有遗嘱的情况下,这些财产将由法院进行分配。全面性遗嘱包含了没有放入信托的财产。立遗嘱人去世后,这些财产即归入信托,而信托中的财产无需经过法院认证(Probate),节省了很多麻烦。
相互遗嘱:Mutual wills 已婚夫妇通常会执行这种遗嘱,它是两份遗嘱,双方互为立遗嘱人和继承人。遗嘱内容需双方同意才可修改,遗嘱执行后(即其中一方去世),则不能再修改。这种遗嘱通常是为了保障原婚姻子女的权益,避免资产落入新配偶手中。与此相似的还有共同遗嘱 Joint Wills,joint will 只有一份遗嘱。
生前遗嘱:Living wills 生前遗嘱并不是我们传统理解的那种遗嘱,它是指一个人在生命晚期、无意识、无行为能力后,接受或拒绝某种医疗措施的意愿,如插管、呼吸机、生命维持系统等。生前遗嘱不分配财产,立遗嘱人去世后,生前遗嘱即失效。
临终遗嘱:Deathbed wills 临终遗嘱是一个人临死前立的遗嘱,可以是有见证人的遗嘱,也可能是口述遗嘱。即使是有见证人的签名,这种遗嘱仍可能被没获得足够财产的继承人质疑,认为立遗嘱人已经无意识、或受了他人影响,引发争论甚至对簿公堂。所以,我们要未雨绸缪,提早立好遗嘱,毕竟谁也不知道明天会发生什么事吧。
写遗嘱的 9 个步骤 以最传统的 Testamentary Will 举例,有这些步骤:
写好题目 首先应注明这是一份 Last Will and Testament(即遗嘱),写上自己的名字、住址,并且声明本人以达到法定年龄、有行为能力、这份遗嘱是在没有受到胁迫的情形下立的,此遗嘱撤销之前所立遗嘱等等。
决定要包含的财产 列出重要资产,然后决定哪些资产包括在遗嘱内、哪些保留在遗嘱之外。与配偶(或其他任何人)共同拥有的资产,立遗嘱人只能分配他占有的份额。夫妻双方可分别立遗嘱,或立一份 Joint will。
决定继承人 决定首位继承人,和候补继承人,以防发生首位继承人在立遗嘱人去世前就身故的事情。
选择遗嘱执行人 每份遗嘱都必须指定一名遗嘱执行人来执行遗嘱的条款。最好事先与遗嘱执行人核实他们是否愿意服务。如果没有指定执行人,那么法院将安排一位执行人,而这位执行人未必是你心中之选。
为未成年子女选择监护人 如果另一方无法抚养,或者没有其他父母,该监护人会抚养你的子女。也请考虑指定候补监护人。
选择一个成年人来管理未成年孩子的财产 可指定一名财产监护人、托管人或受托人来管理未成年孩子的财产,不管是孩子已经拥有或将会继承的财产。
将以上内容写入遗嘱 可以通过聘请律师或使用在线立遗嘱服务,其中许多是免费的。聘请律师可保证遗嘱的措辞准确、全面。
在证人面前签署遗嘱 遗嘱必须在至少两名成年证人在场的情况下签署并注明日期,见证人也要在遗嘱上签名并注明日期 。很多州不要求遗嘱进行公证,但公证过的遗嘱能让法院认证过程(probate)更加快速。如果见证人在遗嘱中签署了一份 self-proving affidavit(自我证明声明),那么 probate 过程中他们可以不必出席,但这份遗嘱必须进行公证。
妥善保管遗嘱 把遗嘱安全地存放起来。通知遗嘱执行人遗嘱的位置以及在时机成熟时如何使用。只有经签署的遗嘱原件才能提交法院进行认证,复印件不可以。
6 个线上立遗嘱服务 如果你打算对个人资产或身后事进行规划,可以考虑使用线上遗嘱服务,这可省去频繁前往律师楼的时间和麻烦。但请注意,线上遗嘱服务仅提供文件创建、修改、储存,文件仍需在两位成年人见证下签字才具有法律效力。尽管并无规定遗嘱需经过律师公证(notarized),但公证过的遗嘱能使法院认证程序更快完成。
自 1971 年起,Nolo 就开始发布 DIY 立遗嘱服务,也成为最早的线上立遗嘱服务网站,并推出了 Quicken WillMaker & Trust 遗嘱软件。该软件价格是 $119,包括了很多关键性的资产文件创建,如 legal will, living trust, financial power of attorney, healthcare directive, final arrangements, 和 letter to survivors,还有很多个人财务和家庭管理方面的文件。
该软件本身与 Mac 和 Windows 兼容,易于使用,通过简单的问卷表格即可创建自定义的法律文件。然后,您可以保存信息并以 PDF 格式下载完整的文档。您可以随时更新自己的遗嘱,但仅可在购买软件后的一年内免费更新,之后就要付款才能更新遗嘱了。
一次付费即可创建多种个人资产文件。 一年免费法律文件更新。 软件下载后可离线使用。 不能在路易斯安那州和美国海外领土使用。 对电脑操作系统有要求。 不可在移动设备(手机、平板)上使用。 Trust&Will 成立于 2017 年,旨在通过提供一种轻松安全的在线创建资产计划的方式来实现资产计划行业的现代化。线上创建文件非常简单,整个过程仅需 15 分钟。该公司甚至免费给你邮寄完整的文档,还教你如何操作使其具有法律约束力。
该公司的金融科技专家还提供指定州的生前遗嘱的资产清单和可撤销的生前信托(这是唯一提供此 DIY 选项的公司),生前信托 可帮助您的亲人避免遗嘱法院认证这一棘手的程序。
Trust&Will 创建个人遗嘱 $89,夫妻遗嘱 $159,个人定制信托 $599,夫妻的费用为 $699。包括一年无限次数的遗嘱更新,一年后更新遗嘱、信托则需要每年支付 $12 起。
提供自学资产规划基础的资料。 提供三种文件的创建 :信托、遗嘱和指定监护人。 网站使用起来很直观,您只需 15 分钟即可完成表格的填写。 仅有一年的免费文件更新。 不提供免费的前期法律咨询。 Rocket Lawyer 成立于 2008 年,提供包括文件和律师服务在内的在线法律服务。用户可以以每份 $39.99 的价格购买个人法律文件,如遗嘱、信托和授权书。在网上填好了所有需要的信息,你可以立即下载它们,并且附送指南,教你如何使它们具有法律约束力。您的文档可以安全地在线签名,此外,您还可以邀请其他人对其进行数字签名。这样可以快速进行更新和更改。
最划算的是 Rocket Lawyer 的每月订阅模式,每月收费 $39.99。以这个价格,您可以无限访问他们的所有法律文件(和更新)和律师服务,包括 30 分钟免费咨询新的法律问题。你可以用在线 「问律师」 服务咨询法律问题,如果你通过 Rocket Lawyer 聘请律师,还可获得折扣价。您也可以通过电子邮件、在线聊天或拨打他们的热线来联系客服。
提供各种各样的法律和遗产规划文件。 免费七天试用。 可按月付费,或为个人文件支付一次性费用。 月费比其他网站贵。 即使是免费试用期,也需要提供信用卡信息。 没有文件存储,也不能分享文件给信任的朋友和家人。 成立于 2000 年,US Legal Wills 和独立的美国律师们合作,为美国人和外籍人士提供创建法律文件的服务(除路易斯安那州以外),而且价格还是这几个网站中最便宜的。
US Legal Wills 创建个人遗嘱仅 $39.95,夫妻镜像遗嘱 $23.97,授权书 $29.95,生前遗嘱 $19.95。包括一年无限次数的遗嘱更新,一年后更新则需要每年支付 $12。
你可以在网站上创建各种遗产规划文件,然后指定一位 Keyholder,即有权访问你的文件的人,如受信任的家庭成员或遗嘱执行人。
会员可以通过提交 ticket 来联系客服。如果你的资产情况比较复杂,想让律师审查一遍文件,费用为 $69。
购买遗嘱服务后一年内免费无限更新。 包括美国境外资产和/或在美国拥有资产的外籍人士的表格。 配偶或伴侣的文档以及终身存储和更新有折扣。 不能创建可撤销信托。 不能在路易斯安那州使用。 网站不如其他竞争对手直观。 配偶的注册过程可能很繁琐。 TotalLegal 是 Pro Se Planning, Inc. 旗下一个自助式资产规划服务,该公司提供自助式创建包括资产规划和各种商业文件在内的法律文书产品 。自 2003 年以来,TotalLegal 就获得了美国商业改善局(Better Business Bureau)的认可。客户可以购买单个遗产规划文件,$19.95 起,并在 60 天内无限次修改。
TotalLegal 的最大优势是他们的每月订阅计划。每月只需$9.95,或每年 $89.95,您就可以使用免费的法律服务,包括免费的咨询、律师审查文件以及每年免费修改一次遗嘱, TotalLegal 为需要指导的人提供最全面的资源。
文档创建很简单,因为您将通过回答问题来完成文档,然后可以下载打印。Totalegal 的帮助中心有大量的信息。您有任何问题,可以随时致电或通过电子邮件发送给客服。创建带有信托的简单遗嘱还有折扣价格。您还可以访问他们的无存储限制的文档存储保险库服务。
低年费或月费。 高级会员可以从律师处获得免费和折扣很大的法律服务。 能够创建各种各样的文档,包括商业文档。 购买一次性文档的客户只有 60 天的时间更新或下载文档。 没有生前信托。 遗嘱执行人不能在线访问文件。 Do Your Own Will 于 1999 年在华盛顿州西雅图建立。 Do Your Own Will 是一个完全免费的创建遗嘱、委托书、或生前遗嘱的服务。除了无与伦比的价格,它的一个主要优点是使用简单,不需要注册帐户,但如果您想稍后进行更新或更改,则需要提供您的电子邮件地址。
用户通过在线填写诸如婚姻状况、受抚养人信息、您希望如何分割资产以及遗嘱执行人等详细信息来完成表格。将文档下载为 PDF 或 Word 文档,然后您可以对其签名。注意: Do Your Own Will 没有法律支持,所以一定要做好功课,以确保你的遗嘱真正具有法律约束力。
无需注册帐户即可访问文档。 提供给所有 50 个州的居民。 能够将您的遗嘱保存为 PDF 或 Word 文档。 不提供法律支持。 无资产规划文件。 你需要亲自检查州法律以确保它是一份具有法律约束力的文件。 常见问题 问题一:遗嘱有哪些类型? 答:根据形式、内容、订立时间等,可分为:书面、有见证人的正式遗嘱(Testamentary wills);手写遗嘱(Holographic wills);口述遗嘱(Oral wills);全面性遗嘱(Pour-over wills);相互遗嘱(Mutual wills);生前遗嘱(Living wills);临终遗嘱(Deathbed wills);等。
问题二:遗嘱怎么写、有哪些步骤? 答:以最传统的 Testamentary Will 举例,有这些步骤:写好题目、决定要包含的财产、决定继承人、选择遗嘱执行人、为未成年子女选择监护人、选择一个成年人来管理未成年孩子的财产、将以上内容写入遗嘱、在证人面前签署遗嘱。
问题四:遗嘱与信托有什么不同? 遗嘱(Will)是具有法律约束力的文件,说明你希望资产如何分配。而信托(Trust)则是通过法律安排,授权某人为受益人来处理你的资产。延伸阅读:《美国房屋产权的常见类型 》。
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