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在众多减重策略中,调整蛋白质摄入量被证实是一种高效的方法。适量增加蛋白质的摄入不仅有助于提高饱腹感,还能促进肌肉生长,加速新陈代谢,从而在减少体重的同时,保持身体健康和活力。本文将介绍如何通过科学地调整蛋白质摄入量,以达到减重效果,并推荐可行的高蛋白饮食计划。
蛋白质如何帮助减重? 蛋白质在减重过程中起着重要的作用,是均衡饮食的重要组成部分。克利夫兰诊所注册营养师 Annalise Pratt 介绍说,如果蛋白质摄入不足,人们可能会通过大量进食其他食物来填饱肚子,这样会导致总体卡路里摄入增加,不利于控制体重。因此,适量增加蛋白质摄入是减重的一个有效策略。[1 ] 信息来源 4 Ways Protein Can Help You Shed Pounds 查看详情 →
1. 减少饥饿感,降低食欲 蛋白质的消化速度较慢,可以帮助您保持较长时间的饱腹感,减少零食和卡路里的摄入。
研究证实,增加蛋白质的摄入量后,人们往往会减少整体的卡路里摄入。这种效果不仅体现在每一餐,只要保持高蛋白摄入,还可以持续减少整日的卡路里摄入。[2 ] 信息来源 M Veldhorst, et al. Protein-induced satiety: effects and mechanisms of different proteins. Physiol Behav. 2008. 查看详情 → 研究显示,当人们的饮食中蛋白质占总热量的 30% 时,他们会自动减少平均每日摄入 441 卡路里 。[3 ] 信息来源 A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005. 查看详情 → 美国最大的医疗集团之一,克利夫兰诊所(Cleveland Clinic),在这个视频里讲解了「停止暴饮暴食的 9 个策略」。
2. 控制食物渴望与夜间进食 蛋白质还具有显著减少渴望和夜间零食摄取的效果,这对于正在减肥的人来说尤其重要。食物渴望和夜间进食常常是减肥失败的关键因素。
夜间进食尤其危险,因为这些卡路里是在一天的其他食物摄入之上的额外摄入,更容易导致体重增加。而蛋白质在控制这种行为上显示出了强大的效果。
据一项针对超重男性的研究显示,当蛋白质的摄入量占总热量的 25% 时,参与者的食物渴望感减少了 60%,夜间零食的摄入也减少了一半。[4 ] 信息来源 Heather J Leidy, et al. The effects of consuming frequent, higher protein meals on appetite and satiety during weight loss in overweight/obese men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011. 查看详情 → 一项针对青少年女性的研究发现,高蛋白早餐可以显著降低她们对食物的渴望。通过在早餐中增加蛋白质的摄入,使得餐与餐之间的间隔更长,每餐摄入的食物量也较少,从而有助于整体的体重管理和健康。[5 ] 信息来源 Heather A Hoertel, et al. A randomized crossover, pilot study examining the effects of a normal protein vs. high protein breakfast on food cravings and reward signals in overweight/obese 「breakfast skipping」, late-adolescent girls. Nutrition Journal. 2014. 查看详情 → 近年来,许多人使用天然饮食补充剂来帮助控制食欲和管理体重。有些补充剂缺乏科学证据支持,但也有一些成分有研究证明其功效。这篇文章将介绍几款畅销的食欲控制丸,包括它们的成分、以及科学研究是否支持其宣称的功……
3. 防止肌肉流失和代谢减慢 当你努力减重时,理想的目标是减少脂肪,而不是肌肉。但往往在减重过程中,肌肉质量也会有所下降,这可能导致新陈代谢率降低,也就是所谓的「饥饿模式」。这种状态会使你的身体每天燃烧的卡路里减少,甚至在减肥后继续减缓代谢。适量摄取蛋白质,能够防止肌肉流失并维持较高代谢率。
此外,较高的蛋白质摄取量还与腹部脂肪的减少相关,腹部脂肪是一种围绕器官堆积、可能引发多种疾病的有害脂肪。蛋白质有助于减少腹部周围有害脂肪的积累,还可以支持肌肉修复和生长。[6 ] 信息来源 Jytte Halkjaer, et al. Intake of macronutrients as predictors of 5-y changes in waist circumference. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006. 查看详情 →
「高蛋白饮食+力量训练」
除了适当的蛋白质摄入,力量训练也非常关键。力量训练可以减少减肥过程中的肌肉流失,防止代谢率下降。通过结合高蛋白饮食和负重训练,你可以更有效地减少脂肪,同时保持肌肉量和代谢率。
这样的方法不仅帮助你维持一个更健康、更活跃的代谢系统,还能确保你减掉的体重主要是脂肪,而非宝贵的肌肉。此外,这也有助于改善体型,使你看起来健美和匀称。
4. 燃烧更多卡路里 进食时,身体需要消耗能量来分解食物和吸收营养,这个过程称为食物热效应(Thermic Effect of Food, TEF)。蛋白质具有较高的 TEF,意味着与消化碳水化合物或脂肪来说,我们的身体需要消耗更多卡路里来消耗蛋白质。
研究表明,高蛋白饮食可以增加每天约 80-100 卡路里的能量消耗。[7 ] 信息来源 Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002. 查看详情 → 另有研究发现,在高蛋白饮食条件下,每天可额外燃烧高达 260 卡路里的能量。[8 ] 信息来源 George A Bray, et al. Effect of protein overfeeding on energy expenditure measured in a metabolic chamber. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015. 查看详情 → 根据研究,蛋白质的热效应大约在 20%-30% 之间;而碳水化合物的热效应仅为 5%-10%;脂肪更低,只有 0%-3%。
以蛋白质的最高热效应 30% 为例,如果摄入 100 卡路里的蛋白质,实际上在消化过程中就消耗了 30 卡路里,最终只有 70 卡路里的能量被身体吸收。
5. 防止减重后体重反弹 蛋白质不仅有助于初期的体重减轻,还有助于长期的体重管理和控制。许多人通过节食暂时减轻了体重,但很大比例的人最终会体重反弹。有趣的是,较高的蛋白质摄入量反而可以帮助防止体重反弹。
研究显示,将蛋白质的摄入量从总热量的 15% 提高到 18%,可以将减重后的体重反弹减少 50%。[9 ] 信息来源 M S Westerterp-Plantenga, et al. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004. 查看详情 → 如何计算蛋白质摄入量及调整日常饮食? 要点:
将蛋白质的摄入比例维持在总热量的 25%-30%,或每天每公斤理想体重摄取 1-1.2 克蛋白质,可以有效帮助减肥。 对于健康成年人,每日蛋白质的推荐摄入量占总热量的 10%-35%。 对于经常静坐的成年人,每公斤体重至少需要 0.8 克蛋白质(每磅体重 0.36 克)。例如,一个体重 150 磅(约 68 公斤)的静坐者,每天需要大约 54 克蛋白质。 对于经常进行体育锻炼的人,蛋白质的需求量会更高,推荐每公斤体重摄取 1.2-2.0 克,具体取决于个人活动量和训练强度。 第一步:计算减肥所需的蛋白质摄取量 根据 2020-2025 年美国居民膳食指南,健康成年人每天从蛋白质中摄取占总热量的 10%-35%。对于希望减肥的人来说,推荐在这个范围的上限,即 25%-30% 的热量来源于蛋白质,或每天每公斤理想体重摄取 1-1.2 克蛋白质。
以下是一个女性减肥每日蛋白质摄取量估算示例。该女性体重 165 磅(约 74 公斤),身高 5 英尺 6 英寸(约 1.67 米),假设她每天需要的热量为 1800 卡路里。
如果从蛋白质中摄取 25-30% 的热量:
她的蛋白质需求量介于 450-540 卡路里。每克蛋白质含 4 卡路里热量,因此,她每天需要的蛋白质摄取量为 112.5-135 克。 如果按照每公斤理想体重每天摄取 1-1.2 克蛋白质计算:
理想体重(公斤)= 49 公斤 + 每超过 5 英尺 1.7 公斤。(注意,男性和女性的计算公式不同) 该女性的理想体重为 49 公斤 + 1.7 x (6) = 59.2 公斤。 因此,她每天需要的蛋白质摄取量为 59.2-71.04 克。 如上,每天摄取 71 克-135 克蛋白质之间的建议存在较大差异。需要根据自身情况确定最适合自己的蛋白质摄取量范围,以满足身体需求并支持有效的减肥计划。
对于大多数成年人来说,体重指数越高,意味着身体的脂肪含量越多。
第二步:将蛋白质摄取量转化为日常饮食 在计算出所需要的蛋白质摄取量后,下一步是将这些数值转化为日常饮食。实际上,我们无需每天都严格跟踪蛋白质的摄取量,否则容易导致饮食失调和缺乏多样性。下面将介绍一种更简单和实用的方法,我们将餐盘想象成四象限:
用蔬菜和水果填满两个象限。 用谷物填满一个象限。 剩下的一个象限用富含蛋白质的食物填满。 按照这种方法,每顿正餐大约可以摄取 20-35 克蛋白质,每顿零食可以提供 5-10 克蛋白质。这样一来,我们就能满足全天所需的蛋白质了。
以上面提到的那位女性(身高约 1.67 米,体重约 74 公斤)为例,她每天大约需要 100 克蛋白质(范围为 71-135 克)以及 1800 卡路里热量。以下是一个示例菜单:
早餐: 半杯燕麦片 半杯牛奶 半杯蓝莓 2 汤匙奇亚籽 2 汤匙核桃共计约 481 卡路里,20 克蛋白质 零食: 1 根香蕉 1 汤匙花生酱共计约 200 卡路里,5 克蛋白质 午餐: 1 片全麦吐司 2 个鸡蛋 1 片切达干酪 1 个大苹果 1 杯沙拉共计约 524 卡路里,28 克蛋白质 零食: 1/2 杯希腊酸奶 1 杯草莓共计约 114 卡路里,12.8 克蛋白质 晚餐: 6 盎司烤鲑鱼 1/2 杯糙米 2 杯混合绿色蔬菜 2 汤匙沙拉酱 10 根烤芦笋共计约 500 卡路里,38.5 克蛋白质
这个示例菜单仅供参考。您可以根据自己的喜好进行调整,关键是遵循餐盘四象限的方法,并确保每餐和零食都包含一些蛋白质。
如何增加饮食中的蛋白质摄取量? 1. 增加富含蛋白质的食物 以下是一些蛋白质丰富的食物:
肉类 :包括鸡肉、火鸡、瘦牛肉、猪肉等。 鱼类 :例如鲑鱼、沙丁鱼、鳕鱼、鳟鱼等。 鸡蛋 :各种类型均含有丰富的蛋白质。 乳制品 :牛奶、奶酪、酸奶等都是好选择。 豆类 :如芸豆、鹰嘴豆、扁豆等。 根据个人饮食习惯,您可以选择适合自己的食物类型。如果您遵循低碳水化合物饮食,可以选择脂肪含量较高的肉类;相反则尽可能选择瘦肉,以便在不增加过多热量的同时,提高蛋白质摄入。
各种食物的蛋白质含量表
蛋白质来源 蛋白质含量 (克) 牛排 (3 盎司) 25 鸡胸肉 (6 盎司) 28 鮭魚 (3 盎司) 22 虾 (3 盎司或 4-5 只大虾) 20 2 个鸡蛋 13 2% 牛奶 (1 杯) 8 脱脂希腊酸奶 (1 杯) 17 低脂切达干酪 (3 盎司) 21 黑豆 (熟,1 杯) 15 扁豆 (熟,1 杯) 18 藜麦 (熟,1 杯) 8 杏仁 (1 盎司或 23 颗) 6 奇亚籽 (1 盎司) 5 花生酱 (2 汤匙) 8 糙米 (熟,1 杯) 5 豌豆 (熟,1 杯) 8 豆腐 (3 盎司) 15
2. 蛋白质补充剂 蛋白质补充剂也是一种流行的选择,尤其适用于那些需要便捷方式补充蛋白质的人。如果计划在下班后或晚餐前进行锻炼,但是午餐后就没有进食,蛋白棒或蛋白粉可以为锻炼提供必要的能量。对于早上没有时间准备或吃完整早餐的情况,蛋白质补充剂也可以偶尔作为快速简餐的替代品。
蛋白质补充剂包括蛋白粉、饮料、能量棒、凝胶等多种形式。然而,通过饮用的方式摄入卡路里,可能不会带来和食用食物一样的饱腹感。如果只是偶尔使用蛋白质补充剂作为代餐,建议将其与其他食物搭配食用(如苹果等),以补充其他营养素。
在选择蛋白质补充剂时,可以参考以下标准:
蛋白质含量 :每份至少含有 10-15 克蛋白质 碳水化合物含量 :总碳水化合物少于 15 克 总卡路里 :少于 200-250 卡路里 添加糖 :少于 5 克 蛋白质对于人体很重要 —— 并不仅仅是运动员、或想成为施瓦辛格的健身爱好者。它对于健康的免疫系统,以及心脏、大脑和皮肤的正常功能都有重要的作用。它还有控制食欲和增强肌肉生长的能力。除了食物外,还可以通过蛋白质粉 (Protein Powder) 来补充蛋白质摄入。
3. 追踪工具 建议在调整饮食的初期,使用营养素追踪器,这样做可以确保达到蛋白质摄取目标,更有助于养成健康的饮食习惯。
一旦对高蛋白饮食有了较好的了解和适应,就可以逐渐放宽对精确计量的需求,而是采用更自然的方式来平衡蛋白质摄入。在保证蛋白质充足的前提下,也可以维持饮食的多样性和享受美食的乐趣。
MyFitnessPal For iPhone |For Android 蛋白质有副作用吗? 尽管蛋白质是饮食中不可或缺的营养素,但对于某些人群而言,过高的蛋白质摄入可能存在健康风险。
有研究显示,长期的高蛋白饮食可能与肾功能障碍之间存在关联。尽管没有直接证据表明高蛋白饮食会导致健康人肾脏问题,但对于已有慢性肾脏疾病的人来说,高蛋白饮食可能会加重病情。对这类人群而言,大量蛋白质的摄入可能会增加肾脏负担,加速肾功能衰退。[10 ] 信息来源 Gang Jee Ko, et al. Dietary Protein Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017. 查看详情 →
对于大多数健康的成年人,适度增加蛋白质摄取量通常是安全的。但也要留意,保持蛋白质摄取的平衡和适度是关键,避免极端的饮食习惯,确保饮食中包含多样化的营养来源。
Ozempic Face「诺和泰脸」,俗称「臭氧脸」,是使用「诺和泰」(Ozempic)药物时,因为快速的体重减轻而常见的副作用,主要表现为面部皮肤松弛和老化。
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